Value Co-Creation Behaviour in Higher Education: Creating Brand Credibility through University Website Features
Abstract
The features of the university’s official website play an important role in enabling prospective students to obtain information relevant to the institution, which in turn reinforces its brand credibility and value co-creation behaviors among the students. More intricate and dynamic models, which emphasise customer-based brand credibility, frequently lack empirical validation within the higher education sector, especially in Asia. This study conducted an empirical analysis of model development to examine how higher education institutions’ website features can enhance students’ value co-creation behaviors through brand credibility. This study employed a survey method to gather data from 317 students, utilizing a purposive sampling technique. Using structural equation modelling, it was found that website characteristics significantly impact brand credibility and the value co-creation behaviour. Findings also indicate that website usability, informational content, and interactive elements significantly affect students’ perception of brand credibility. The relationship between website features and value co-creation behaviour are mediated through brand credibility, indicating that improving website attributes can foster students’ involvement in university branding. This research represents a first step in comprehending how students engage in value co-creation through the role of website features. This study has many practical implications for educational marketers by highlighting the importance of enhancing website features to induce student engagement, which are essential for university promotion.
Keywords: Website features, brand credibility, value co-creation behaviour, higher education, Indonesian universities.
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Akour, M., & Alenezi, M. (2022). Higher education future in the era of digital transformation. Education Sciences, 12(784), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci12110784
Akram, A., Kozhamuratova, A., & Shamoi, P. (2025). Integrating Kansei engineering in web design for enhanced logistics services. Service Oriented Computing and Applications. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11761-025-00456-9
Aledo-Ruiz, M. D., Martínez-Caro, E., & Santos-Jaén, J. M. (2022). The influence of corporate social responsibility on students’ emotional appeal in the HEIs: The mediating effect of reputation and corporate image. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 29(3), 578–592. https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.2221
Alsulami, M. H., Khayyat, M. M., Aboulola, O. I., & Alsaqer, M. S. (2021). Development of an approach to evaluate website effectiveness. Sustainability, 13(23).
Balaji, M. S., Roy, S. K., & Sadeque, S. (2016). Antecedents and consequences of university brand identification. Journal of Business Research, 69(8), 3023–3032.
Bao, D. Q., Phong, N. D., & Tho, N. D. (2023). Co-creation in higher education and quality of college life: The roles of students’ co-creation effort, interactions, and mindfulness. International Journal of Management Education, 21(3), 100862. https://doi.org/ptm4
Barnes, M. (2015). Assessment 3.0: Throw out your grade book and inspire learning. Corwin. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483386904
Bayley, S. H. (2024). Creating classrooms for change: A qualitative study of practices to promote children’s skills for adaptability in primary schools in Kigali, Rwanda. International Journal of Educational Research, 124, 102313. https://doi.org/ptm5
Bougoure, U. S., Russell-Bennett, R., Fazal-E-Hasan, S., & Mortimer, G. (2016). The impact of service failure on brand credibility. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 31, 62–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2016.03.006
Castro-Gómez, J., Sánchez-Torres, J. A., & Ortíz-Rendón, P. A. (2024). Influence of sustainability in the positioning of the university brand: Study in universities in Medellín-Colombia. Heliyon, 10(9). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30569
Cheng, M., Adekola, O., Albia, J., & Cai, S. (2022). Employability in higher education: A review of key stakeholders’ perspectives. Higher Education Evaluation and Development, 16(1), 16–31. https://doi.org/10.1108/heed-03-2021-0025
Dan, H., & Sannusi, S. N. (2024). Motives of sharing fake news and effects on mental health of social media users: A meta-analysis. Jurnal Komunikasi: Malaysian Journal of Communication, 40(2), 188–204. https://doi.org/10.17576/JKMJC-2024-4002-11
Dolega, L., Rowe, F., & Branagan, E. (2021). Going digital? The impact of social media marketing on retail website traffic, orders and sales. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 60, 102501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2021.102501
Dubber, J. (2024). Doin’ it for themselves: how empowering and supporting students’ unions is key to tackling challenges facing students. Perspectives: Policy and Practice in Higher Education, 28(3), 132–140. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603108.2024.2311916
Eldegwy, A., Elsharnouby, T. H., & Kortam, W. (2018). How sociable is your university brand? An empirical investigation of university social augmenters’ brand equity. International Journal of Educational Management, 32(5), 912–930. https://doi.org/ptm6
Elsharnouby, T. H. (2015). Student co-creation behavior in higher education: The role of satisfaction with the university experience. Journal of Marketing for Higher Education, 25(2), 238–262. https://doi.org/10.1080/08841241.2015.1059919
Foroudi, P., Nazarian, A., Ziyadin, S., Kitchen, P., Hafeez, K., Priporas, C., & Pantano, E. (2020). Co-creating brand image and reputation through stakeholder’s social network. Journal of Business Research, 114, 42–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.03.035
Foroudi, P., Yu, Q., Gupta, S., & Foroudi, M. M. (2019). Enhancing university brand image and reputation through customer value co-creation behaviour. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 138, 218–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2018.09.006
Furrier, M. T., Otávio Bandeira, de L. F., & and de Vasconcelos Gomes, L. A. (2025). Toward an unfolding view of brand value co-creation from a multi-stakeholder perspective. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 1–21. https://doi.org/ptm7
Geurts, E. M. A., Reijs, R. P., Leenders, H. H. M., Jansen, M. W. J., & Hoebe, C. J. P. A. (2024). Co-creation and decision-making with students about teaching and learning: A systematic literature review. Journal of Educational Change, 25(1), 103–125.
Ghorbanzadeh, D. (2022). Relationships between virtual reality experiences, experiential relationship quality and experiential advocacy: The case of virtual reality park. Journal of Relationship Marketing, 21(3), 169–193. https://doi.org/gtj93s
Ghorbanzadeh, D. (2023). The role of website features in the branding of higher education institutions. Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education, 15(5), 1392–1406.
Ghorbanzadeh, D., & Sharbatiyan, M. (2024). The role of website features in creating value co-creation behaviors and enhancing the brand image and reputation of higher education institutions. Interactive Technology and Smart Education, 21(1), 21–43. https://doi.org/10.1108/ITSE-12-2021-0225
Ghorbanzadeh, O., Shahabi, H., Crivellari, A., Homayouni, S., Blaschke, T., & Ghamisi, P. (2022). Landslide detection using deep learning and object-based image analysis. Landslides, 19(4), 929–939. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-021-01843-x
Ghozali, I., & Latan, H. (2014). Partial least squares concepts, methods and applications using the WARPPLS 4.0 program. Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro.
Grech, N., Greer, D. A., & Russell-Bennett, R. (2025). Co-creating inclusive public services with customers experiencing vulnerability. Journal of Services Marketing. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSM-04-2024-0191
Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2–24. https://doi.org/gfzk7g
Hair Jr., J. F., Matthews, L. M., Matthews, R. L., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). PLS-SEM or CB-SEM: updated guidelines on which method to use. International Journal of Multivariate Data Analysis, 1(2). https://doi.org/10.1504/ijmda.2017.10008574
Harandi, A., Mehdi, M., Fazel, A., & Amini, M. T. (2023). Strategic model of value co-creation of university with emphasis on fourth and fifth generation universities. Public Management Research, 16(59).
Hart, P. F., & Rodgers, W. (2023). Competition, competitiveness, and competitive advantage in higher education institutions: A systematic literature review. Studies in Higher Education, 49(11), 2153-2177. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2023.2293926
Hashim, N. A. A. N., Aziz, R. C., Fahmie Ramlee, S. I., Zainuddin, S. A., Zain, E. N. M., Awang, Z., Mohamad, S. R., & MuhamedYusoff, A. (2020). E-learning technology effectiveness in teaching and learning: Analyzing the reliability and validity of instruments. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 993(1), 0–7. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/993/1/012096
Htet, A. T. (2025). Website quality, store image and customer satisfaction of e-commerce in Myanmar. Asean International Journal of Business, 4(1), 22–30.
Irshad, M. (2025). An examination of website factors affecting branding of universities. Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education. https://doi.org/ptnb
Islam, A., Wahab, S. A., & Tehseen, S. (2024). Rethinking holistic sustainable growth of Malaysian SMEs: A university helix-quadruple bottom line perspective. International Journal of Innovation Science. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJIS-07-2023-0158
Jan, M. T., & and Ammari, D. (2016). Advertising online by educational institutions and students’ reaction: A study of Malaysian universities. Journal of Marketing for Higher Education, 26(2), 168–180. https://doi.org/10.1080/08841241.2016.1245232
Japutra, A., & Molinillo, S. (2019). Responsible and active brand personality: On the relationships with brand experience and key relationship constructs. Journal of Business Research, 99, 464–471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.08.027
Jayawardena, N. S., Ross, M., & Grace, D. (2020). Exploring the relationship between Australian university websites and international student enrolments. International Journal of Educational Management, 34(10), 1527–1557. https://doi.org/ptnc
Kasnakoğlu, B. T., & Mercan, H. (2020). Co-creating positive outcomes in higher education: Are students ready for co-creation? Journal of Marketing for Higher Education, 32(1), 73-88. https://doi.org/10.1080/08841241.2020.1825031
Khanna, K., Singh, J., & Bedi, S. S. (2025). Mechanism for developing brand equity of higher education institutes using intangible resources: A serial-multiple mediation analysis. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 43(3), 541–573. https://doi.org/ptnd
Kusumawati, A. (2018a). Influencing students decision-making process of higher education institution: The digital marketing experience. Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology.
Kusumawati, A. (2018b). Exploring millennials’ decision-making behavior of higher education institution: The implication of university social media marketing. Journal of Emerging Trends in Marketing and Management, I(1), 79–87.
Kusumawati, A., Rahayu, K. S., & Putra, E. W. (2022). Antecedents customer decision to visit Yogyakarta as special regions in Indonesia. Cogent Business and Management, 9(1), 2050062. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2022.2050062
Lomer, S., Papatsiba, V., & Naidoo, R. (2018). Constructing a national higher education brand for the UK: Positional competition and promised capitals. Studies in Higher Education, 43(1), 134–153. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2016.1157859
Malhotra, N. K., Kim, S. S., & Patil, A. (2006). Common method variance in IS research: A comparison of alternative approaches and a reanalysis of past research. Management Science, 52(12), 1865–1883. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.1060.0597
Martinez-Torres, M. R., & Toral, S. L. (2019). A machine learning approach for the identification of the deceptive reviews in the hospitality sector using unique attributes and sentiment orientation. Tourism Management, 75, 393–403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2019.06.003
Melewar, T. C., Foroudi, P., Gupta, S., Kitchen, P. J., & Foroudi, M. M. (2017). Integrating identity, strategy and communications for trust, loyalty and commitment. European Journal of Marketing, 51(3), 572–604. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJM-08-2015-0616
Mendoza-Villafaina, J., & López-Mosquera, N. (2024). Educational experience, university satisfaction and institutional reputation: Implications for university sustainability. International Journal of Management Education, 22(3), 101013. https://doi.org/ptnf
Mohamed Hashim, M. A., Tlemsani, I., & Matthews, R. (2022). Higher education strategy in digital transformation. Education and Information Technologies, 27, 3171–3195.
Monavvarifard, F., Baradaran, M., & Khosravipour, B. (2019). Increasing the sustainability level in agriculture and natural resources universities of Iran through students’ engagement in the value co-creation process. Journal of Cleaner Production, 234, 353–365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.06.175
Naheen, F., & Elsharnouby, T. H. (2024). You are what you communicate: On the relationships among university brand personality, identification, student participation, and citizenship behaviour. Journal of Marketing for Higher Education, 34(1), 368–389.
Noor, S. M., Manan, K. A., & Kuthoos, H. M. A. (2019). Assessing corporate brand equity of public universities. Jurnal Komunikasi: Malaysian Journal of Communication, 35(3), 283–299. https://doi.org/10.17576/JKMJC-2019-3503-17
Olanrewaju, A. M. (2024). Behavioural impediments in realising decent academic citizenship: Evidence from Nigeria’s higher education sector. In C. G. Iwu (Ed.), Academic Citizenship in African higher education (pp. 109–128). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-63957-9_6
Oliveira, T., Alves, H., & Leitão, J. (2024). Co-creation and innovation in higher education institutions: A systematic literature review and research agenda. International Journal of Educational Management, 38(3), 839–872. https://doi.org/ptng
Osorno-Hinojosa, R., Koria, M., & Ramírez-Vázquez, D. D. C. (2022). Open innovation with value co-creation from university–industry collaboration. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc8010032
Pang, H., Ruan, Y., & Zhang, K. (2024). Deciphering technological contributions of visibility and interactivity to website atmospheric and customer stickiness in AI-driven websites: The pivotal function of online flow state. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 78, 103795. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2024.103795
Pinna, R., Cicotto, G., & Jafarkarimi, H. (2023). Student’s co-creation behavior in a business and economic bachelor’s degree in Italy: Influence of perceived service quality, institutional image, and loyalty. Sustainability, 15(11), 8920. https://doi.org/ptnh
Pringle, J., & and Fritz, S. (2019). The university brand and social media: Using data analytics to assess brand authenticity. Journal of Marketing for Higher Education, 29(1), 19–44.
Rahayu, K. S., Kusumawati, A., Pangestuti, E., & Astuti, E. S. (2024). Serial mediation role of destination image: Will virtual reality replace the decision to visit offline destination? Innovative Marketing, 20(2), 54–64. https://doi.org/10.21511/im.20(2).2024.05
Rahman, M. K., Ismail, N. A., Hossain, A., & Hossen, M. S. (2025). Students’ mindset to adopt AI chatbots for effectiveness of online learning in higher education. Future Business Journal, 11, 30. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43093-025-00459-0
Rynarzewska, A. I., & Pelletier, M. J. (2025). Reviews in the dark: A netnographic exploration of reviewer networks and the dynamics of online review manipulation. Public Relations Review, 51(3), 102584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2025.102584
Schlesinger, W., Amparo, C.-T., & and Wymer, W. (2023). The influence of university brand image, satisfaction, and university identification on alumni WOM intentions. Journal of Marketing for Higher Education, 33(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/ptnj
Sharipudin, M. N. S., Rejab, M. M., Tugiman, N., Indiyati, D., & Andriani, A. D. (2024). The influence of digital communication technology on university branding: An Understanding of Open and Distance Learning (ODL) from students’ perspectives. Jurnal Komunikasi: Malaysian Journal of Communication, 40(1), 408–428.
Shen, Q., Du, Y., & Huang, J. (2024). Consumer citizenship behavior in online/offline shopping contexts: Differential impact of consumer perceived value and perceived corporate social responsibility. Sustainability, 16(7), 2968. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16072968
Story, J. (2023). Unique challenges of segmentation and differentiation for higher education. Journal of Marketing for Higher Education, 33(1), 20–39. https://doi.org/ptnk
Sultan, P., & Wong, H. Y. (2019). How service quality affects university brand performance, university brand image and behavioural intention: The mediating effects of satisfaction and trust and moderating roles of gender and study mode. Journal of Brand Management, 26(3), 332–347. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41262-018-0131-3
Syrdal, H. A., Myers, S., Sen, S., Woodroof, P. J., & McDowell, W. C. (2023). Influencer marketing and the growth of affiliates: The effects of language features on engagement behavior. Journal of Business Research, 163, 113875. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.113875
Szymkowiak, A., Melović, B., Dabić, M., Jeganathan, K., & Kundi, G. S. (2021). Information technology and Gen Z: The role of teachers, the internet, and technology in the education of young people. Technology in Society, 65. https://doi.org/gjmb4m
Tran, Q. P., Do, A. D., Ha, D. L., Bui, P. T., Nguyen, D. K., & Tran, N. H. D. (2025). Value co-creation and customer satisfaction mediation on the service innovation and generation Z consumers’ repurchase intention in Vietnam. Cogent Business and Management, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2025.2466811
Vo, T.-T., Le, Q. H., & Duong, L. N. K. (2024). Promoting university brand through student co-creation behaviors: The role of online brand posts. Journal of Trade Science, 12(1), 60–79. https://doi.org/10.1108/jts-11-2023-0026
Wang, T., Lund, B. D., Marengo, A., Pagano, A., Mannuru, N. R., Teel, Z. A., & Pange, J. (2023). Exploring the potential impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) on international students in higher education: Generative AI, chatbots, analytics, and international student success. Applied Sciences, 13(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/app13116716
Wilkins, S., Balakrishnan, M. S., & Huisman, J. (2012). Student choice in higher education: Motivations for choosing to study at an international branch campus. Journal of Studies in International Education, 16(5), 413–433. https://doi.org/bp7wmg
Williams Jr., R. L., & and Omar, M. (2014). How branding process activities impact brand equity within Higher Education Institutions. Journal of Marketing for Higher Education, 24(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/08841241.2014.920567
Yi, Y., & Gong, T. (2013). Customer value co-creation behavior: Scale development and validation. Journal of Business Research, 66(9), 1279–1284. https://doi.org/6f4
Yousaf, A., Abhishek, M., & and Bashir, M. (2020). Brand trust, institutional commitment, and their impact on student loyalty: Evidence for higher education in India. Studies in Higher Education, 45(4), 878–891. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2018.1558441
Zamora-Ramos, M. R., Chamorro-Mera, A., & Diaz-Mendez, M. (2023). Student value co-creation behaviour in the higher education service ecosystem: An empirical exploration. Marketing and Management of Innovations, 14(4), 140–150. https://doi.org/10.21272/mmi.2023.4-10
Zhao, Y., Zhao, M., & Shi, F. (2023). Integrating moral education and educational information technology: A strategic approach to enhance rural teacher training in universities. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 15, 15053–15093. https://doi.org/g8w76g
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
e-ISSN: 2289-1528