The Seven-Course Oud In The Malay World: Documenting Its First Introduction To Malaysia (2005) (Oud Tujuh Tali Di Alam Melayu: Pendokumentasian Pengenalan Pertama Di Malaysia (2005) )
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The history of the gambus and oud in the Malay world has often been narrated through long-distance trade, Hadhrami migration, and cultural diffusion. While these accounts highlight early transmission, far less attention has been given to modern organological innovations that reshape local practice. This article establishes 2005 as the first documented introduction of the seven-course oud (thirteen strings: six paired and one single bass) into Malaysia, following its acquisition from its original owner, Mustafa Said Antar (Beit al-Oud, Cairo). Crafted by Egyptian luthier Muhammad Ali Jaafar, the instrument was subsequently employed in teaching at the National Academy of Arts, Culture and Heritage (ASWARA). The seven-course configuration extends the oud’s lower register, enabling greater depth in taqsīm improvisation and expanding the tonal and modal resources available to Malaysian performers. Methodologically, the study combines organological description with practice-based documentation and a compact evidentiary dossier (photographs, EXIF/checksum metadata, and witness attestations) to secure the dating and provenance of the instrument. Analytically, it reframes Malaysian gambus/oud history to include not only earlier diasporic legacies but also the continuing role of instrument design and pedagogy in shaping musical practice. Situating the 2005 introduction within broader debates on cultural transmission and Malay-world musical heritage, the article argues that organological innovation should be recognised as equally central to the narrative, alongside migration and diffusion. The earliest surviving photographic documentation dates to 2005 (personal photograph, Ampang), with additional images from 2007 (Brunei studio; TV3 rehearsal). The findings invite further research on how design changes, stringing, tuning, range extension, and curriculum, alter performance, listening, and teaching in twenty-first-century Malaysia.
Keywords: Oud, Gambus, Seven-Course Oud, Cultural Transmission, Organology
ABSTRAK
Sejarah gambus dan oud di Alam Melayu lazimnya dihuraikan melalui perdagangan jarak jauh, migrasi Hadhrami dan penyebaran budaya. Meskipun naratif ini menonjolkan proses awal penyebaran, perhatian terhadap inovasi organologi moden yang membentuk amalan setempat masih terhad. Makalah ini menetapkan tahun 2005 sebagai pengenalan berdokumentasi pertama oud tujuh tali (enam pasangan dan satu tali bass tunggal) di Malaysia, susulan pemerolehan instrumen tersebut daripada pemilik asalnya, Mustafa Said Antar (Beit al-Oud, Kaherah). Diperbuat oleh tukang gambus Mesir Muhammad Ali Jaafar, instrumen ini kemudiannya digunakan dalam pengajaran di Akademi Seni Budaya dan Warisan Kebangsaan (ASWARA). Konfigurasi tujuh tali memperluas julat nada rendah oud, sekali gus memperdalam improvisasi taqsīm dan meluaskan sumber tonal serta modal untuk penggiat di Malaysia. Dari segi metodologi, kajian menggabungkan deskripsi organologi dengan dokumentasi berasaskan amalan serta satu dosier bukti ringkas (foto, metadata EXIF/sum cek, dan pengesahan saksi) bagi memantapkan tarikh serta provenans instrumen. Dari segi analisis, sejarah gambus/oud di Malaysia ditinjau semula bukan sahaja melalui warisan diaspora, tetapi juga melalui peranan berterusan reka bentuk instrumen dan pedagogi dalam membentuk amalan muzik. Dengan meletakkan pengenalan tahun 2005 dalam wacana pemindahan budaya dan warisan muzik Alam Melayu, makalah ini menegaskan bahawa inovasi organologi wajar diiktiraf sama pentingnya dengan migrasi dan difusi. Dokumentasi foto terawal yang masih kekal bertarikh 2005 (foto peribadi, Ampang), dengan imej tambahan tahun 2007 (studio Brunei; latihan TV3). Dapatan ini membuka ruang penyelidikan lanjutan tentang bagaimana perubahan reka bentuk, penteratan, penalaan, peluasan julat dan kurikulum, mengubah persembahan, pendengaran serta pedagogi di Malaysia abad ke-21.
Kata kunci: Oud, Gambus, Oud Tujuh Tali, Pemindahan Budaya, Organologi
Keywords
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