The Sabah Factors in the Malaysian Nation-State Construction: Identity Confusion, Nationalism and Migrants (Faktor Sabah dalam Pembinaan Negara-Bangsa Malaysia: Kekeliruan Identiti, Nasionalisme dan Migran)

Han Huhe

Abstract


ABSTRACT: The rise of Sabahan nationalism in Malaysia has been linked to concerns about the loss of autonomy and uneven distribution of resources within the federation. Sabah was granted a high degree of autonomy when it joined the Malaysian Federation under the 1963 Malaysia Agreement (MA63), but this has been eroded over time by federal government statutes and constitutional amendments. This has led to discontent among the people of Sabah and Sarawak, particularly over the distribution of royalties from the oil and gas industry. The lack of investment in infrastructure and public services in Sabah has also contributed to this discontent, fueling calls for greater autonomy and fairer treatment within the federation. The paper also analyzes the complex relationship between locals and migrants in the Malaysian state of Sabah: immigrants’ economic contributions to the local economy, the challenges faced by the local community, and the negative perceptions of locals towards immigrant events. The paper concludes with a discussion of the controversy surrounding the federal government’s naturalization of a large number of Muslim migrants as citizens through the IC Project (Identity Card Project) and its impact on Sabah’s demographic and political landscape. The paper argues that the complex dynamics between Sabah’s diverse population, foreign Muslim migrants and its federal government remains an important issue in the construction of the nation-state in contemporary Malaysia.


Keywords: Malaysia; Sabah; identity; nationalism; migrants


ABSTRAK: Kebangkitan nasionalisme Sabah di Malaysia berkait rapat dengan kebimbangan terhadap kehilangan hak autonomi dan pengagihan sumber yang tidak sekata dalam persekutuan. Menurut Perjanjian Malaysia 1963 (MA63), Sabah telah diberikan hak autonomi yang tinggi apabila menyertai Persekutuan Malaysia. Namun, seiring berjalannya waktu, hak autonomi ini telah terhakis oleh undang-undang dan pindaan perlembagaan yang dikuatkuasakan oleh kerajaan persekutuan. Situasi ini telah menimbulkan ketidakpuasan hati dalam kalangan rakyat Sabah dan Sarawak, khususnya berkenaan pengagihan royalti dalam industri minyak dan gas. Tambahan pula, kekurangan pelaburan dalam infrastruktur dan perkhidmatan awam di Sabah turut menyumbang kepada rasa tidak puas hati ini, sehingga mencetus desakan untuk mendapatkan hak autonomi yang lebih luas dan layanan yang lebih adil dalam persekutuan. Makalah ini turut menganalisis hubungan kompleks antara penduduk tempatan di Sabah dengan pendatang: sumbangan pendatang kepada ekonomi tempatan, cabaran yang dihadapi oleh komuniti tempatan, serta persepsi negatif penduduk tempatan terhadap fenomena pendatang. Penulisan makalah ini diakhiri dengan perbincangan mengenai kontroversi Projek IC (Projek Kad Pengenalan) oleh kerajaan persekutuan yang menaturalisasi sejumlah besar pendatang Muslim sebagai warganegara serta kesannya terhadap demografi dan landskap politik di Sabah. Ringkasnya, kajian ini berpendapat bahawa hubungan dinamik yang kompleks antara penduduk Sabah yang pelbagai, pendatang asing Muslim, dan kerajaan persekutuan tetap menjadi isu yang signifikan dalam pembinaan negara bangsa Malaysia kontemporari.


Kata kunci: Malaysia; Sabah; identiti, nasionalisme; migran


Keywords


Malaysia; Sabah; identity; nationalism; migrants

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