‘Balik Kampong’: Is Malaysia Facing the Trends of De-Urbanization? (Balik kampung: Adakah Malaysia Menghadapi Trend Kurang Pembandaran?)
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Malaysia is a fast-grown developing country which took only 30 years to shift from predominantly agriculture-based to manufactured-dependent society. This kampong to urban migration has created a new generation of urban society who had disconnected themselves from the traditional subsistence farming but kept maintaining an occasional connection with their hometown. With new jobs, environment and lifestyle, these urban migrants’ life and livelihood in cities improved and expanded. Growth in urban population and affluence raised the demand for housing, food and technological goods. With increased growth in demand, came an increased challenge in resource management to satisfy needs. A recent debate has highlighted issues on oil depletion and competition from neighboring countries that indicates a possible economic decline. This situation has triggered discussions about limits to urbanization and the possibility of urban and peri-urban food production in order to re-localize urban areas. Therefore, there is an emerging of decentralization of cities and population in Malaysia. This paper questions whether there is a further progression towards ‘de-urbanization’ or a return to a new form of rural life that takes advantage of new technologies to assists new way of life and improves the standard of living in kampong.
Keywords: Urbanization; de-urbanization; population mobility; ‘balik kampong’; Malaysia
ABSTRAK: Malaysia adalah sebuah negara yang sangat pesat membangun, hanya mengambil masa 30 tahun untuk berubah daripada masyarakat berasaskan ekonomi pertanian kepada masyarakat berasaskan ekonomi pembuatan. Penghijrahan dari kampong ke bandar telah membentuk satu generasi baru iaitu masyarakat bandar yang tidak menghubungkan diri mereka dengan pertanian tradisi sara diri namun masih mempunyai hubungan dengan desa secara berkala. Dengan pekerjaan, persekitaran dan cara hidup yang baru, masyarakat yang berhijrah ke bandar ini telah mengalami peningkatan kehidupan yang lebih baik. Tuntutan terhadap pertumbuhan meningkatkan permintaan terhadap perumahan, makanan dan barangan teknologi. Dengan pertumbuhan peningkatan dalam permintaan, terdapat cabaran peningkatan dalam pengurusan sumber untuk memenuhi keperluan. Perdebatan terkini telah menekankan isu-isu kekurangan minyak dan persaingan dari negaranegara jiran yang menunjukkan kemungkinan penurunan ekonomi. Situasi ini telah mencetuskan perbincangan mengenai had perbandaran dan kemungkinan pengeluaran makanan di bandar dan pinggir bandar dalam usaha untuk menentukan semula lokasi kawasan perbandaran. Kertas kerja ini mempersoalkan sama ada terdapat perkembangan seterusnya ke arah ‘de-urbanisasi’ atau kembali kepada satu bentuk baru kehidupan luar bandar yang mengambil kesempatan daripada teknologi baru untuk membantu cara baru hidup dan meningkatkan taraf hidup di kampung.
Kata kunci: Pembandaran; de-perbandaran; mobiliti penduduk; ‘balik kampung’; Malaysi
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