Urbanization Trends and Groundwater Issues in Asian Cities (Trend Pembandaran dan Isu Air bawah tanah di Bandaraya Asia)

NEETHU VIJAYAN, SHAHARUDIN IDRUS, MAZLIN MOKHTAR, NIMISHA KRISHNANKUTTY

Abstract


ABSTRACT: Above half of the global population resides in urban areas and the increasing population is highly dependent on groundwater for its drinking water and agricultural requirements. Asia and Africa are urbanizing at a higher rate than other developed regions. Asia contributes to 53 percent of global urban population and is expected to reach 55 percent by 2025. This article seeks to explore the urbanization trends in Asia and its impacts on groundwater resources through evaluating five countries- China, India, Indonesia, Japan and Malaysia. China and India are two major contributors of world’s urban population; Indonesia, Japan and Malaysia are other three rapidly urbanizing countries in Asia. The analyses are drawn based on a critical review of previous studies conducted on the topic in Asia. The study has found that most populous mega-urban regions in the world and in Asia are located in these five countries. The urban growth rate of China is double or little less than India, Indonesia and Malaysia; Japan is expected to exhibit a declination in its urban population while continue to maintain a high urbanization level during 2014-2050. Urbanization in Asia is not environmentally sustainable and it puts huge pressure on groundwater resources, degrading its quality and quantity, raising concern for resultant land subsidence. India poses a higher pressure on its groundwater resources, followed by China, Indonesia, Japan and Malaysia. Innovative technological and governance solutions with given priority on infrastructural development and environmental conservation is required to tackle urbanization dilemma existing in Asia.

Keywords: Asia; urbanization; groundwater; Sustainable Development; infrastructure

 

ABSTRAK: Lebih daripada separuh penduduk dunia tinggal di kawasan bandar dan penduduk yang semakin bertambah adalah sangat bergantung kepada air bawah tanah untuk air minuman dan keperluan pertanian. Asia dan Afrika mengalami proses pembandaran pada kadar yang lebih tinggi berbanding kawasan-kawasan maju yang lain. Asia menyumbang kepada 53 peratus daripada penduduk bandar global dan dijangka mencapai 55 peratus pada tahun 2025. Penulisan ini bertujuan untuk meneroka tren urbanisasi di Asia dan kesan ke atas sumber air bawah tanah. Lima negara Asia menjadi tumpuan kajian adalah China, India, Indonesia, Jepun dan Malaysia. China dan India adalah dua penyumbang utama penduduk bandar dunia; Indonesia, Jepun dan Malaysia tiga negara pesat pembandaran di Asia. Analisis dibuat berdasarkan kajian kritikal, kajian sebelum ini dijalankan pada topik di Asia. Kajian ini telah mendapati bahawa kawasan yang paling ramai penduduk mega-bandar di dunia dan di Asia terletak di kelima-lima negara. Kadar pertumbuhan bandar di China adalah dua kali ganda atau sedikit kurang daripada India, Indonesia dan Malaysia; Jepun dijangka mempamerkan kemerosotan penduduk bandar di samping terus mengekalkan tahap pembandaran yang tinggi semasa 2014-2050. Perbandaran di Asia tidak mencemarkan alam sekitar tetapi meletakkan tekanan yang besar kepada sumber air bawah tanah, kualiti dan kuantiti air bawah tanah semakin berkurang, meningkatkan kebimbangan berlakunya pemendapan tanah. India menimbulkan tekanan yang lebih tinggi kepada sumber air bawah tanah, diikuti oleh China, Indonesia, Jepun dan Malaysia. Penyelesaian teknologi dan tadbir urus inovatif diberi keutamaan kepada pembangunan infrastruktur dan pemuliharaan alam sekitar diperlukan untuk menangani dilema pembandaran yang sedia ada di Asia.

Kata kunci: Asia; pembandaran; air bawah tanah; Pembangunan Lestari; infrastruktur


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