Lexicon Variation and Distribution of Malay Dialect in Perak: A GIS Approach (Variasi Leksikon dan Penyebaran Dialek Melayu di Perak: Satu Pendekatan GIS)
Abstract
ABSTRACT: In many years research on geographical dialects are based on a hand drawn map and hence the isoglosses produced are unclear and ambiguous (cf Ajid, Rohani and Collins). Recently, an interdisciplinary approach supported by modern technological tool has become a breakthrough to account for this problem. A Geographical Information System (GIS) using interpolation technique which can store big volumes of spatial data, performing analysis and producing cartographic map results proves to be more reliable in constructing an accurate line of isogloss for lexicon variations and spatial distribution. This study attempts to adopt the same interdisciplinary approach in examining the variation and distribution of Malay dialects spoken in Perak. A purposive sampling ranging from four categories of ages and gender are chosen from 150 native Malay speakers. In our early findings, the state of Perak shows a mixture of Malay dialects, especially in the northern part. Different Malay dialects from the neighboring states have great influence to the Perak Malay dialect. As a result we can have Perak dialect such as ‘deme’ and ‘mike’ to refer to ‘they’, however, another lexicon variant ‘depa’ has been spotted in the northwest region. Interestingly, the migration of southern Siamese people, especially the Moslem from Pattani to Malaysia before independence has created a significant dialectal variation in Perak. These people in the northern and northeastern part of Perak use ‘deme’ instead. Another interesting observation is that this community has created some new variants such as ‘ha’ instead of ‘hang’ to refer to ‘you’ and ‘muha’ that is a combination of ‘mu’ (you) and ‘ha’ (you) for plural form. It is obvious that the topography of Perak acts as one of the contributing factors in determining lexicon variation and distribution in the state.
Keywords: Perak Malay; dialect; GIS; lexicon variation; isogloss
ABSTRAK: Penyelidikan tentang dialek geografi telah bertahun dilakukan namun peta isoglos yang terhasil masih menggunakan lakaran lukisan tangan, maka, kesannya peta yang terhasil adalah kurang jelas dan kabur (cf Ajid, Rohani dan Collins). Akhir-akhir ini, pendekatan antar-disiplin yang disokong oleh alat teknologi moden telah berjaya menyelesaikan masalah ini. Sistem Geographical Information System (GIS) yang menggunakan teknik ‘interpolation’ yang boleh menyimpan sejumlah besar data ruang, mampu melakukan analisis dan menghasilkan peta kartografi terbukti lebih boleh dipercayai dalam membina garisan isoglos yang lebih tepat untuk variasi leksikon dan penyebaran dialek mengikut ruang. Kajian ini bertujuan menggunakan pendekatan antar-disiplin ini dalam menilai variasi dan taburan dialek Melayu yang dituturkan di Perak. Persampelan ‘purposive’ berasaskan kepada empat kategori umur serta jantina diambil daripada 150 orang penutur jati Melayu. Dalam dapatan awal, negeri Perak menunjukkan percampuran dialek Melayu khususnya di bahagian utara. Perbezaan dialek dari negeri-negeri berjiran mempunyai pengaruh yang besar pada dialek Melayu di Perak. Hasilnya, kita akan ada ‘deme’ dan ‘mike’ yang merujuk kepada ‘mereka’, manakala variasi leksikon lain ‘depa’ ditemui di daerah barat laut Perak. Yang menariknya penghijrahan masyarakat selatan Siam terutamanya Muslim Pattani ke Malaysia sebelum kemerdekaan telah mencetuskan variasi dialek yang signifikan di Perak. Masyarakat ini yang menetap di utara dan timur laut Perak menggunakan ‘deme’. Satu lagi dapatan menarik ialah, komuniti ini telah mencipta beberapa variasi baruseperti ‘ha’ bukannya ‘hang’ merujuk kepada ‘kamu’ dan ‘muha’ iaitu kombinasi ‘mu’ (kamu) dan ‘ha’ (kamu) untuk bentuk jamak. Apa yang lebih jelas adalah topografi bertindak sebagai salah satu faktor penyumbang dalam menentukan variasi leksikon dan penyebaran dialek di negeri itu.
Kata kunci: Melayu Perak; dialek; GIS; variasi leksikon; isoglos
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