Landslide Pattern Analysis in Penang Island using Average Nearest Neighbor (ANN) approach in Quantum GIS (QGIS)
Abstract
Landslides, characterized by the sudden and often rapid movement of rock, soil, debris, or a combination of these materials down a slope or inclined surface, present a considerable danger to humans, animals and the environment. Their potential to cause widespread destruction and loss of life underscores the urgency of visually analyzing their distribution patterns, particularly in regions like Malaysia. To effectively manage and control landslip occurrences, this study proposes the establishment of a landslide monitoring system in high-risk areas, utilizing computer-generated models to evaluate geographical distribution patterns. This approach is vital for competent landslides management. The core objective of this research is to evaluate the spatial arrangement of the distribution pattern, discerning whether it manifests clustering or dispersion. The investigation focuses on 43 recorded landslide incidents spanning 12 years across Penang Island. The spatial mean center of landslip episodes assumes a central role in spatial pattern analysis. The findings reveal a clustered pattern in the study area, evident through an average nearest neighbor (ANN) ratio of less than 1, accompanied by a z-score of -2.196005. The nearest neighbor ratio stands at 0.82. Furthermore, the mean center for landslide incidents on Penang Island is situated at coordinates 100.272704 (longitude) and 5.389421 (latitude). Subsequently, nine landslide conditioning factors, identified through prior studies, were selected. These factors are employed to distribute landslide incidents on parameter layer maps, aiding in pinpointing high occurrence areas based on each parameter. Future studies should adopt a comprehensive perspective and attain a profound understanding of specific slope conditions in Penang Island, enabling the effective implementation of mitigation measures that align with the objectives of Sustainable Development Goals (SDG13 – Climate Action). This goal emphasizes the importance of fostering resilience and reducing disaster risks.
Keywords: Average Nearest Neighbor (ANN), landslides, landslide conditioning factor, Penang Island, spatial mean centre, spatial pattern analysis
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