Reformasi Ejaan Jawi untuk Literasi dan Revitalisasi Jawi: Satu Kertas Konsep (Jawi Spelling Reformation to Increase Jawi-Literacy and for its Revitalization: A Conceptual Paper)
Abstract
Seperti yang termaktub dalam Akta Bahasa Kebangsaan, tulisan Jawi adalah tulisan alternatif bagi bahasa Melayu. Oleh yang demikian, penutur bahasa Melayu sepatutnya tidak mempunyai masalah untuk membaca tulisan Jawi dengan lancar. Namun demikian, hanya sebahagian kecil penutur bahasa Melayu yang boleh membaca tulisan Jawi; malah, penutur bahasa Melayu yang boleh membaca al-Qur’an dengan lancar juga tidak mampu membaca tulisan Jawi dengan baik. Kajian lepas menunjukkan banyak bahasa di dunia ini telah dan sedang melalui reformasi ke atas sistem ejaan mereka, antaranya untuk meningkatkan kadar literasi dalam kalangan penutur bahasa tersebut serta untuk tujuan revitalisasi. Sehubungan itu, artikel ini mencadangkan langkah-langkah yang perlu diambil bagi mereformasikan tulisan Jawi yang sedia ada. Ini dimulakan dengan menjalankan kajian saintifik bagi menyokong kajian-kajian terdahulu yang menunjukkan bahawa sistem ejaan Jawi semasa adalah kompleks, sehingga menyebabkan semakin ramai penutur bahasa Melayu sukar untuk membacanya. Antara pendekatan saintifik yang dicadangkan adalah dengan menggabungkan penggunaan perisian pemprosesan bahasa berasaskan psikologi dengan Alat Pengesan Gerak Mata (APGM) yang boleh menganalisis proses membaca secara kuantitatif melalui masa tindak balas dan tempoh membaca, bilangan tumpuan (‘fixation count’), tempoh tumpuan (‘fixation duration’), dan bilangan kunjungan (‘visit count’). Langkah ini kemudiannya boleh disokong dengan analisis kualitatif ke atas pola tumpuan (‘gaze plot’) dan peta haba (‘heat maps’), serta data dalam bentuk perbualan dari temu duga retrospektif. Sekiranya data dari analisis kuantitatif dan kualitatif ini menyokong kajian-kajian lepas yang menunjukkan bahawa sistem ejaan Jawi semasa adalah kompleks dan sukar dibaca, reformasi ke atas ejaan Jawi boleh dicadangkan berdasarkan pendekatan reformasi-reformasi yang pernah diambil oleh, bukan sahaja bahasa-bahasa lain di dunia ini, malah, menggunakan pendekatan yang pernah berlaku dalam tulisan Jawi sendiri. Reformasi ejaan ke atas mana-mana bahasa di dunia ini sebenarnya adalah satu proses yang sentiasa berlaku, dan proses ini merupakan sesuatu yang perlu dilakukan ke atas tulisan Jawi bukan sahaja untuk meningkatkan literasi, malah untuk melestarikan sistem tulisan Jawi sebagai satu proses revitalisasi.
Keywords: Jawi; proses kognitif; literasi; reformasi ejaan; revitalisasi
ABSTRACT
As stated in the National Language Acts, Jawi, or the Arabic script of Malay, is an alternative writing for the Malay language. Therefore, speakers of the Malay language are expected to be able to read Jawi fluently. Unfortunately, this is not the case; even those who are able to read the Qu’ran fluently, are not able to read the Jawi script fluently despite the fact that both are written in the Arabic script. Past studies have shown that many languages of the world have gone through spelling reformation, among others, to increase the literacy rate among their speech communities, and to revitalize the writing system. Thus, this conceptual paper proposes the necessary steps towards reforming the existing Jawi script. This should begin with conducting a scientific study to support previous studies that suggest that the current Jawi spelling system is complex, causing more and more speakers of the Malay avoiding to use it. This article proposes the use of a psychological-based language-processing software and the eye tracking machine to quantitatively analyse the reading process through reaction times and reading duration, fixation count, fixation duration, and visit counts. The findings can then be supported qualitatively through readers’ gaze plot dan heat maps along with verbal data obtained from retrospective interviews conducted on the participants. If data from both analyses confirm that the current Jawi spelling system results in difficulty in reading Jawi, this article proposes a spelling reformation to take place – using the spelling reformation approaches used not only by other languages of the world, but also those that were used in the reformation of previous and the current Jawi spelling system. Spelling reformation is an ongoing process and is vital not only to improve the literacy rate among speakers of particular languages, but also to revitalise their writing systems.
Keywords: Jawi; cognitive processes; literacy; revitalization; spelling reformation
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Abdel Haleem, M. A. S. (1994). Qur’anic Orthography: The written representation of the recited text of the Qur’an. Islamic Quarterly, 38(3), 171-192.
Abdul Aziz, A. Y. & Musa, H. (2008). Isu homograf dan cabarannya dalam usaha pelestarian tulisan jawi. Jurnal ASWARA, 3(1), 109-1 26.
Abdul Aziz, A.Y., et al. (2012). The Jawi Writing System and the Vocabulary of the Earliest Legal Malay Inscription and Manuscripts. Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 8(7), 3225-3234.
Akta Bahasa Kebangsaan 1963/1967. (2006). Undang-undang Malaysia 32. Dicapai Mac 22, 2023 dari https://www.lawyerment.com/library/legislation/acts/1963/32/cite/?s=2.
Bentley J.R. (2002). The spelling of /mo/ in old Japanese. Journal of East Asian Linguistics, 11(4), 349-374. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1019911300589
Bird S. (2001). Orthography and identity in Cameroon. Written Language and Literacy, 4(2), https://doi.org/131-162. 10.1075/wll.4.2.02bir
Brunelle, M. (2008). Diglossia, Bilingualism, and the Revitalization of Written Eastern Cham. Language Documentation and Conservation, 2(1), 28-46.
Bunčić, D. (2017). Factors Influencing the Success and Failure of Writing Reforms. Studi Slavistici, 14(1), 21-46. https://doi.org/10.13128/Studi_Slavis-21937
Carter J.B. (2006). English spelling reform. Prometheus (United Kingdom), 24(1), 81-100. https://doi.org/10.1080/08109020600563952
Daftar Kata Bahasa Melayu: Rumi-Sebutan-Jawi. (Edisi 20). (2008). Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (2010-2013). Korpus DBP. Retrieved May 13, 2024 from http://sbmb.dbp.gov.my/korpusdbp/SelectUserCat.aspx?AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1
Fromkin, V., Rodman, R., & Hyams, N. (2017). An Introduction to Language. 11th Edition. Australia: Cengage
Garvía R. (2018). Spelling reformers and artificial language advocates: A shifting relation. Language Problems and Language Planning, 41(3), 287-303. https://doi.org/10.1075/lplp.00007.gar
Gochev G. (2018). The Babylonian tower of communism politics of bulgarian authorities towards language, 1944-1947. Balkanistic Forum, 1, 53-62.
Hasin, A.M. (2019, August 17). Tulisan Jawi warisan Melayu Islam. Harakahdaily. Retrieved July 5, 2020, from https://harakahdaily.net/index.php/2019/08/17/tulisan-jawi-warisan-melayu-islam/#:~:text=Tulisan%20Jawi%20adalah%20tulisan%20Melayu,dan%20seterusnya%20mempraktikkannya%20dalam%20kehidupan
Hewitt S. (2017). Breton orthographies: An increasingly awkward fit. Creating Orthographies for Endangered Languages. 190-234. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316562949.011
Humphries E. (2019). #JeSuisCirconflexe: The French spelling reform of 1990 and 2016 reactions. Journal of French Language Studies, 29(3), 305-321. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959269518000285
Imamura, K. (2017). The Pursuit of Insular Authenticity: The Spelling Reform of Loan Words in Palauan. Shima, 12(1): 118-127.
Jacobs D. (1997). Alliance and betrayal in the Dutch orthography debate. Language Problems and Language Planning, 21(2), 103-118. https://doi.org/10.1075/lplp.21.2.01jac
Kim, M. (2017). The han'gǔl crisis and language standardization: Clashing orthographic identities and the politics of cultural construction. Journal of Korean Studies, 22(1), 5-31. https://doi.org/10.1353/jks.2017.0001
Kurzon, D. (2013). Diacritics and the Perso-Arabic script. Writing Systems Research, 5(2), 234-233. https://doi.org/10.1080/17586801.2013.799451
Mahmud, F.N. & Salehuddin, K. (2023). How bilingual are Malaysian Undergraduates? A snapshot of the different bilingual categories in Malaysia. GEMA Online® Journal of Language Studies, 23(2), 144-164. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/gema-2023-2302-08
Malay Mail, (2020, Julai 10). Fridays now declared ‘Jawi Day’ effective today, says minister Zulkifli. Retrieved August 1, 2021 from https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2020/07/10/fridays-now- declared-jawi-day-effective-today-says-minister-zulkifli/1883213
McConville, S. (2020). Why do so many people think Middle English is Old English. Quora. Retrieved June 2, 2022, from https://www.quora.com/Why-do-so-many-people-think-Middle-English-is-old-English
McLelland, N. (2009). Linguistic Purism, Protectionism, and Nationalism in the Germanic Languages Today. Journal of Germanic Linguistics, 21(2), 93-112. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1470542709000208
Mohd. Salleh, N.H. (2019, December 19). Takutkan Islamisasi punca Jawi ditolak, kata Dong Zong. Free Malaysia Today. Retrieved May 31, 2020, from https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/bahasa/2019/12/26/takutkan-islamisasi punca- tulisan-jawi-ditolak-kata-dong-zong/
Murah, M. Z., Abdul Rahman, H., & Omar, K. (2012). Penulisan Jawi di komputer dan internet: Isu dan cabaran. Prosiding Seminar Penyelidikan Jawi & Manuskrip Melayu: Mengenali Jati Diri Bangsa Melalui Tulisan Jawi / UiTM Shah Alam. 106- 113.
Ogren C.A. (2017). Complexities of efficiency reform: The case of simplified spelling, 1876-1921. History of Education Quarterly, 57(3), 334-368. https://doi.org/10.1017/heq.2017.15
Ọládiípọ̀, A.F., Àjàdí, Ọ. Ọ’, & Er, A. (2018). A survey of diacritic restoration in abjad and alphabet writing systems. Natural Language Engineering. 24(1), 123-154. https://doi:10.1017/S1351324917000407
Osman, M. A. (2019, December 26). Takut Islamisasi punca penolakan tulisan Jawi – Dong Zong. Malaysia Gazazette. Retrieved May 31, 2020, from https://malaysiagazette.com/2019/12/26/takut-islamisasi-punca-penolakan-tulisan-jawi-dong-zong/
Pedoman Ejaan Jawi Yang Disempurnakan. (1986). Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Presutti, S. (2021). The development of Latin alphabet identity markers: A comparison among three Roman graphemes. Lingua, 259(1), 103-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2021.103118
Raja Yusuf Izzudin Raja Dato’ Lope Ahmad, Raja Shahriman Raja Harun Al-Rashid, & Muhamad Adha (2010). Perjanjian Pangkor, 20 Januari 1874. Retrieved May 13, 2024 from https://sembangkuala.wordpress.com/2010/01/20/perjanjian-pangkor-20-januari-1874/
Rayner, K., Chace, K. H., Slattery, T. J., & Ashby, J. (2006). Eye movements as reflections of comprehension processes in reading. Scientific Studies of Reading, 10(3), 241-255. https://doi:10.1207/s1532799xssr1003_3
Salehuddin, K. & Ho, H-F. (2017). Meneroka kerumitan kognitif dalam membaca jawi melalui kajian pergerakan mata. Jurnal Pertanika Mahawangsa, 4(2), 187-200.
Salehuddin, K. & Winskel, H. (2015). Experimenting different Jawi spelling conditions to gauge their cognitive complexity. GEMA Online® Journal of Language Studies, 15(2), 51-63.
Salehuddin, K. (2012). Penilaian ke atas kerumitan kognitif dalam proses membaca Jawi. GEMA Online® Journal of Language Studies, 12(4), 1181-1194.
Salzmann, Z. (1980). Language standardization in a bilingual state: The case of czech and slovak, two closely cognate languages. Language Problems and Language Planning, 4(1), 38-54. https://doi.org/10.1075/lplp.4.1.03sal
Scheiter, K., & Eitel, A. (2017). The use of eye tracking as a research and instructional tool in multimedia learning. Dlm C. A. Was, F. J. Sansosti & B. J. Morris (Pnyt.), Eye-tracking technology applications in educational research (pp. 143-164). Hershey, PA: IGI Global.
Serba, M. (2018). Scripts, Spelling, and Identity. Brown Journal of World Affairs, 25(1), 7-20.
Shellabear, W.G. (1901). The Evolution of Malay Spelling. Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 36. 75-135
Stojanov T. (2021). The acceptance of spelling variants as symbols of Croatian spelling changes (1994-2013). Written Language and Literacy, 24(1), 110-148. https://doi.org/10.1075/wll.00049.sto
Thompson, R.M. (1982). Language planning in frontier America: The case of the deseret alphabet. Language Problems and Language Planning, 6(1), 45-62. https://doi.org/10.1075/lplp.6.1.03tho
Tyran, K. (2023). Indicating ideology: Variation of Montenegrin orthography. Language & Communication, 88, 41-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langcom.2022.10.004
Villa L. (2015). Official orthographies, spelling debates and nation-building projects after the fall of the Spanish Empire. Written Language and Literacy, 18(2), 228-247. https://doi.org/10.1075/wll.18.2.03vil
Wolman, D. (2009). Righting the mother tongue: From Olde English to Email, the tangled story of English Spelling. New York: HarperCollins.
Zúquete J.P. (2008). Beyond reform: The orthographic accord and the future of the portuguese language. South European Society and Politics, 13(4), 495-506. https://doi.org/10.1080/13608740902738418
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/gema-2024-2402-07
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
eISSN : 2550-2131
ISSN : 1675-8021