Representasi Halal dan Haram dalam Wacana Parlimen Malaysia (Representations of Halal and Haram in Malaysian Parliamentary Discourse)

Abstract

Isu-isu berkaitan halal dan haram amat penting bagi masyarakat Islam di Malaysia kerana ianya berkaitan dengan pelbagai aspek sosial dan budaya seperti perhubungan, pakaian, makanan dan juga perniagaan. Ramai yang berpandangan bahawa isu berkaitan halal dan haram - iaitu apa yang dibenarkan dan dilarang dalam Islam - sering dikaitkan dengan makanan dan juga pergaulan. Berteraskan dinamik kedua-dua konsep ini dalam kehidupan seharian, kajian ini bertujuan untuk menyelidik representasi leksis halal dan haram dalam wacana Parlimen Malaysia menerusi analisis berpandukan korpus bagi meneliti bagaimana dan dalam konteks apa kedua-dua konsep dibahaskan di parlimen. Objektif ini dicapai dengan melihat trend kekerapan dan penggunaan leksis halal dan haram dalam konteks wacana Parlimen Malaysia dan seterusnya evolusi semantik kedua-dua terma ini dari satu hukum kepada satu komoditi dapat ditelusuri. Data kajian ini diperolehi dari Malaysian Hansard Corpus (MHC) yang meliputi Parlimen 1 (1959-1964) hingga Parlimen 13 (2013-2018) dan bersaiz lebih kurang 157 juta patah perkataan. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan perbezaan pada pola penggunaan halal dan haram dalam MHC. Pada awalnya, leksis halal dikaitkan dengan konsep dan undang-undang Islam, namun penggunaan halal telah berkembang menjangkau ke beberapa domain seperti perniagaan, pelancongan, kosmetik dan ekosistem. Ini jelas menunjukkan usaha menjadikan halal sebagai satu cara hidup. Penggunaan leksis haram pula sering dikaitkan dengan domain seperti aktiviti, objek dan kumpulan orang. Pola penggunaan menunjukkan fungsi haram sebagai kata sifat yang mengubah nilai bagi kata nama daripada neutral kepada negatif di Malaysia. Penelitian bagi perkataan-perkataan yang kerap muncul bersama dengan halal dan haram dalam MHC menunjukkan trend penggunaannya yang semakin meluas dan pada masa yang sama memaparkan variasi makna dalam wacana parlimen yang meliputi jangka waktu hampir 60 tahun. 

Kata Kunci: halal; haram; Korpus Hansard Malaysia; wacana parlimen; pendekatan berpandukan korpus

ABSTRACT

The issues related to halal and haram are very important for the Muslim community in Malaysia because they are related to various social and cultural aspects such as relationships, clothing, food and business. Many people view the issues related to halal and haram as what is allowed and forbidden in Islam, and the views are often associated with food and socialization. Based on the dynamics of these two concepts in daily life, this study aims to investigate the representations of halal and haram in Malaysian parliamentary discourse through corpus-driven analysis to examine how and in what context both concepts are debated in the parliament. This objective is achieved by looking at the trend of frequency and use of halal and haram in the context of the discourse of the Malaysian Parliament and subsequently the semantic evolution of these two terms from legal perspective and later associated with commodity. The data of this study was obtained from the Malaysian Hansard Corpus (MHC) which covers Parliament 1 (1959-1964) to Parliament 13 (2013-2018) and is approximately 157 million words in size. The findings of the study indicate differences in the usage patterns of halal and haram in MHC. Initially, halal was associated with Islamic concepts and laws. However, the use of halal has expanded into several domains such as business, tourism, cosmetics and ecosystems. This clearly indicates the efforts to make halal as the way of life. The use of haram, on the other hand, is often associated with domains such as activities, objects and groups of people. The usage patterns show the function of haram as an adjective that changes the value of a noun from neutral to negative in Malaysia. A closer examination of the words that frequently appear along with halal and haram in the MHC shows a trend of its widespread use and at the same time displays variations of meaning in parliamentary discourse spanning a period of almost 60 years.

Keywords: halal; haram; Malaysian Hansard Corpus; parliamentary discourse; corpus-driven approach