Strategi Adaptasi Kata Pinjaman dalam Bahasa Bugis: Koresponden-OO (Loan Word Adaptation Strategy in Bugis: Correspondence-OO)

Abstract

Sebagai masyarakat minoriti di Malaysia, masyarakat Bugis cenderung menyerap masuk leksikal daripada bahasa lain khususnya daripada masyarakat tempatan di kawasan mereka akibat daripada proses asimilasi yang berlaku. Justeru, kajian ini dilakukan untuk menjawab persoalan: (1) bagaimana strategi adaptasi kata pinjaman yang digunakan dalam penyerapan leksikal asing ke dalam bahasa Bugis, dan­­­­ (2) bagaimana strategi adaptasi yang berlaku itu dapat dijelaskan menggunakan pendekatan ­­­Koresponden-OO yang dibangunkan dalam teori Optimaliti. Data telah dikumpulkan melalui kaedah lapangan dan temu bual dengan menggunakan instrumen borang soal selidik, daftar kata.dan alat rakaman.Kajian lapangan dijalankan di Pontian dan Pasir Gudang, Johor serta di Klang, Selangor. Seramai 144 informan daripada tiga kumpulan umur, iaitu warga muda, warga dewasa dan warga tua terlibat dalam menjawab soal selidik dan daftar kata. Hasil dapatan menunjukkan lapan strategi adaptasi kata pinjaman digunakan dalam bahasa Bugis, iaitu peleburan, pengguguran, penggantian segmen, epentesis, perendahan vokal, penggantian nasal, pembentukan hentian glotis dan geminasi. Analisis Koresponden-OO menunjukkan sifat bahasa Bugis yang tidak bertoleransi dengan nahu asing dengan melarang penyerapan penuh leksikal asing yang dipinjam. Hal ini dapat dilihat pada keperluan mematuhi kekangan kebertandaan *LEKSIKAL SAMA yang mendominasi kekangan-kekangan lain dalam tatatingkat nahu bahasa Bugis. Hasil kajian ini dapat membekalkan input kepada aspek bahasa masyarakat Bugis di Malaysia yang telah dikesampingkan sebelum ini, dan berjaya menunjukkan kemampuan Koresponden-OO dalam menjelaskan isu kata pinjaman tanpa mengingkari konsep penting teori Optimaliti, iaitu Keselarian.

Kata Kunci: kata pinjaman; strategi adaptasi; bahasa Bugis; teori Optimaliti; Koresponden-OO

ABSTRACT

As a minority community in Malaysia, the Bugis community tends to utilise lexical items from other languages, particularly from local languages as a result of the assimilation process that took place. Thus, this study was conducted to answer the following questions: (1) how are the loanword adaptation strategies used in absorbing foreign language lexical items into the Bugis language, and (2) how can these adaptation strategies be explained by using the Correspondence-OO approach developed in Optimality theory. Data were collected through field methods and interviews using questionnaire,  word list and recording. The field studies were conducted in Pontian and Pasir Gudang, Johor as well as in Klang, Selangor. A total of 144 informants from three age groups, namely among the youth, adults and the elderly who were involved in answering the questionnaire and wordlist. The results revealed that eight loanword adaptation strategies were used in Bugis language, namely fusion, deletion, segment substitution, epenthesis, vowel reduction, nasal substitution, glottal stop formation and gemination. The Correspondence-OO analysis showed an element of Bugis language which is intolerant of foreign grammars by prohibiting the full absorption of borrowed foreign lexical items. This can be observed from the needs to comply with a markedness constraint *SAME LEXICAL, that dominates other constraints in the grammar of the Bugis language. The findings of the study can shed input on the language aspects of the Bugis community in Malaysia that were previously excluded. In addition, it has successfully demonstrated the capability of Correspondence-OO in explaining the issue of loanwords without denying the important concept of Optimality theory, namely Parallelism.

Keywords: loanword; adaptation strategy; Bugis language; Optimality theory; Correspondence-OO