Development in Malaysia: Economics and Politics of an Idea
Abstract
This article offers a critical assessment of the idea of development in Malaysia. The nation’s economic planning and performance have been derived from particular inclinations in the definition and practice of what is broadly referred to as development. The article provides a thematic discussion of the economics and politics of development and the role of the state in this process. Rapid economic growth has been an over-riding policy objective, while income distribution, industrialization and capitalist development have been central priorities of development policy. Other objectives, especially poverty alleviation and national unity, have also been important considerations but have been constrained by narrow concepts and vested interests of the state. The dominance of the state has bred a situation in which the idea of develop- ment is conceived by the state for its own purposes, and rarely questioned. Development has also been expressed in broader term. However, our observa- tion finds that economic and capitalist priorities prevail over the rhetoric of more holistic development.
ABSTRAK
Artikel ini memberi suatu pentaksiran kritikal tentang idea pembangunan di Malaysia. Perancangan dan prestasi ekonomi negara ini berpuncakan kecenderungan tertentu di dalam takrif dan amalan apa yang digelar sebagai pembangunan. Perbincangan dalam makalah ini bertemakan ekonomi dan politik pembangunan serta peranan pemerintah di dalam proses ini. Kadar pertumbuhan ekonomi yang pesat merupakan suatu objektif polisi utama, sementara pengagihan pendapatan, perindustrian dan pembangunan kapitalis adalah keutamaan polisi pembangunan. Objektif yang lain, khususnya pembasmian kemiskinan dan perpaduan kebangsaan, juga merupakan objektif yang penting, tetapi dihambat oleh konsep-konsep yang sempit serta kepentingan pemerintah. Penguasaan dominan pemerintah telah mendatangkan situasi di mana idea pembangunan dilahirkan oleh pemerintah bagi tujuannya sendiri, dan jarang sekali dipersoalkan. Pembangunan juga telah dihuraikan dengan perspektif yang lebih luas, tetapi pemerhatian kami mendapati bahawa prioriti ekonomi dan kapitalis menguasai agenda pembangunan, melebihi retorik pembangunan holistik.
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