CABARAN INTEGRASI ANTARA KAUM DI MALAYSIA: PERSPEKTIF MEDIA, PERTUBUHAN BUKAN KERAJAAN DAN PARTI POLITIK (Race Integration Challenge in Malaysia: Perspective of Media, Non-Governmental Organizations and Political Parties)
Abstract
ABSTRAK
Kajian berkaitan dengan integrasi perpaduan kaum di Malaysia agak kompleks. Ini kerana, sosialisasi politik yang dilalui oleh setiap kaum amat bersifat perkauman. Agen- agen seperti sejarah, pendidikan, media, parti politik dan pertubuhan bukan kerajaan amat kuat mencengkam budaya politik setiap kaum. Akhirnya, lahirlah setiap bangsa yang memperjuangkan kepentingan masing-masing. Bukti-bukti ini diperolehi melalui tinjauan yang dibuat ke atas kajian-kajian lalu sebelum ini. Keadaan tidak banyak berubah sehingga ke hari ini. Kajian ini bertujuan menilai sejauh mana pengaruh agen-agen sosialisasi politik seperti media, pertubuhan bukan kerajaan dan parti politik yang dilalui meninggalkan kesan terhadap hubungan antara kaum. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa sosialisasi politik perkauman melahirkan sentimen perkauman yang tinggi. Integrasi perpaduan masih lagi samar. Realitinya, sentimen perkauman masih kuat mencengkam budaya politik masyarakat berbilang kaum.
ABSTRACT
Research on integration and unity among races in Malaysia is quite complex. These are due the facts that the political socialization agents process i.e. history, education, social, economy and politic, are race oriented. Every race fights for their owned interest. Most of the past researchs have shown that the racial sentiments in Malaysia were tensed. This research aimed to analyst the influence of political socialization agents, media, non- governmental organizations and political parties, towards the ethnic relations. Findings show that the agents contribute to the high level of polarization. Integration among races is only a hope. In reality, racial sentiment still a major problems in this country.
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Ali Cordoba. 2006. Malaysia’s nascent democracy put the racial test. http://malaysia- today.net/blog2006/ guests.php?itemid=1466 [20 Disember 2006].
Baharom Mahusin. 2006. Isyarat politik Abdullah. http://www.utusan.com.my/utusan/ archive.aspy= 2006&dt= 1119&pub= utusan_malaysia&sec=rencana&pg=re_01. htm&arc=hive [20 Disember 2006].
Berita Harian. 2006. 17 November.
Comber, L. 2007. Peristiwa 13 Mei: Sejarah Perhubungan Melayu – Cina. Petaling Jaya: IBS Buku Sdn. Bhd.
Dennis, J. 1973. Socialization to Politics: A Reader. Canada: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Douglas S.A, 1967. Political Socialization and Student Activism in Indonesia. Illinois: University of Illinois.
Faaland, J., Parkinson, J. & Saniman, R. 2005. Growth and Ethnic Inequality: Malaysian’s new Economic Policy. Kuala Lumpur: Utusan Publications & Distributors Sdn Bhd.
Freeman, A. L. 2000. Political Participation and Ethnic Minorities. Routledge: New York.
Funston, N. J. 2001. Government and Politics in Southeast Asia. London: Zed Books Ltd.
Gabungan Pertubuhan Cina Malaysia. 2005. Buku Panduan Persatuan-Persatuan Cina Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Gabungan Pertubuhan Cina Malaysia & Sin Chew Media Corp. Bhd.
Haas, R. H. 1967. The Malayan Chinese Association, 1958-1959: An Analysis of Differing Conceptions of the Malayan Chinese Role in Independent Malaya. Tesis Sarjana, Department of Political Science. Nothern Illinois University.
Haris Md. Jadi. 1990. Etnik, Politik dan Pendidikan. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
http://www.utusan.com.my/utusan/archive.asp?y=2006&dt=1124&pub=utusanmalaysia &sec=muka%5Fhadapan&pg=mh_ 08.htm&arc=hive [20 Disember 2006].
http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2007/1/1/nation/16441952&sec=nation [1 Januari 2007].
http://www.malaysia-today.net/Blog-e/2006/02/unity-reality-or-illusion.htm http://www.anakmalaysia.net.my/main/ Introduction00.asp [31 Disember 2006].
Jayum A. Jawan & Zaid Ahmad. 2006. Hubungan Etnik: Panduan Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran. Serdang: UPM.
Jayum A. Jawan. 2003. Malaysian Politics & Government. Selangor: Karisma Publications Sdn Bhd.
Kamrava, Mehran. 1996. Understanding Comparative Politics, A Framework for Analysis. London: Routledge, London.
Kementerian Pengajian Tinggi Malaysia. 2006. Perangkaan Sepintas Lalu Pengajian Tinggi Malaysia 2005. Putrajaya: Bahagian Perancangan & Penyelidikan, Kementerian Pengajian Tinggi.
Kim Quek. 2004. “Menyingkap Kebenaran Di Sebalik Hak Keistimewaan Melayu”. http :// www. malaysia - today. net / blog / 2004_12_30 _ MT _ BM _ archive . htm [30 Disember 2004].
Lee Kam Hing & Tan Chee-Beng (pnyt.). 2000. The Chinese in Malaysia. Selangor: Oxford University Press.
Lim Guan Eng. 2005. How Can MCA Still Not Have Any Position On The 2-4-3 Formula When The Government Has Implemented The Teaching Of Science And Maths In English For 3 Years?. http://www.dapmalaysia.org/english/2005/Oct05/lge/lge 207. htm [14 Oktober 2005].
Ling Liong Sik. 1995. The Malaysian Chinese Towards Vision 2020. Selangor: Pelanduk Publications.
Low Yong San. 1997. Pola Pengundian Cina Pada Pilihanraya Umum 1990 dan 1995. Latihan Ilmiah. Fakulti Ekologi Manusia. Universiti Putra Malaysia.
Low Yong San. 2000. Pola Politik Cina di Semenanjung Malaysia Dalam Tahun 1990- an. Tesis Sarjana. Fakulti Ekologi Manusia. Universiti Putra Malaysia.
Lu Hon San. 1987. Chinese Politics in Malaysia: The MCA Crisis of 1984/85. Tesis Sarjana. Fakulti Ekonomi dan Pentadbiran Awam. Universiti Malaya.
Malaysia Today. 2005. http://www.malaysia-today.net/blog/2005/09/mengapa-mereka- memilih-sekolah-cina.htm [12 September 2005].
Mingguan Malaysia. 2005. 13 November.
Mingguan Malaysia. 2006. 26 November.
Mohamad Khir Toyo. 2008. Melayu di Persimpangan. http://www.drkhir.com/ [8 Jun 2008].
Mohd Ridhuan Tee Abdullah. 2006. Menolak Tugu Peringatan MPAJA di Nilai. Utusan Malaysia, Dis 26.
Neena Sharma. 1985. Political Sosialization and Its Impact on Attitudinal Change Towards Social and Political System: A Case Study of Harijan Women of Delhi. New Delhi: M.C. Mittal.
Nimmo, Dan D & Sanders, Keith R. 1981. Handbook of Political Communication. London: Sage Publications.
New Straits Times. 2006. 18 Julai.
New Straits Times. 2006. 20 Julai.
New Sunday Times. 2006. 19 Februari.
Ongliki, J. P. 1985. Nation-building in Malaysia 1946-1974. Singapore: Oxford University Press.
Oong Hak Ching. 2000. Chinese Politics in Malaya 1942-55, The Dynamics of British Policy. Bangi: Penerbit UKM.
Purcell, V. 1997. Orang-Orang Cina di Tanah Melayu. Skudai: UTM.
Ruslan Zainuddin. 2005. Sejarah Malaysia. Shah Alam: Fajar Bakti Sdn Bhd. Samsudin A Rahim. 2007. Sosialisasi Politik. Utusan Malaysia, 21 April.
Samsul Amri Baharuddin. 2007. Modul Hubungan Etnik. Putrajaya: Kementerian Pengajian Tinggi Malaysia.
Schwartz , David C. and Schwartz, Sandra Kenyon. 1975. New Direction in Political Socialization. New York: The Free Press.
Sia Keng Yek. 2005. SRJK (Cina) dalam Sistem Pendidikan Kebangsaan: Dilema dan Kontroversi. Kuala Lumpur: Penerbit Universiti Malaya.
Tan Chee-Beng. 2002. Chinese Minority in a Malay State: The Case of Terengganu. Singapore: Eastern Universities Press.
Tan Chee-Beng. 2002. Chinese Minority in a Malay State: The Case of Terengganu. Singapore: Eastern Universities Press.
The Guardian. Vol. 1. 2005.
The Guardian. Vol. 2. June 2006.
The Sun. 2006. 16 November.
The Sun. 2007. 27 Ogos.
Thock Ker Pong. 2005. Ketuanan Politik Melayu: Pandangan Kaum Cina. Kuala Lumpur: Penerbit Universiti Malaya.
Ting Chew Peh. 1987. Hubungan Ras dan Etnik. Kuala Lumpur: Pustaka Dimensi.
Utusan Malaysia. 2005. 27 April.
Utusan Malaysia. 2006. 17 November.
Vasil, R.K. 1980. Ethnic Politics in Malaysia. New Delhi: Radiant Publishers.
Ye Ling-Sheng. 2003. The Chinese Dilemma. Australia: East West Publishing.
Yew Yeok Kim. 1982. Education, National Identity and National Integration: A Survey of Secondary School Students of Chinese Origin in Urban Peninsular Malaysia. Ph.D Thesis. Stanford University.
Zainal Mohd Jais. 1996. Akhbar dan Isu Perkauman 1987: Tumpuan Kepada The Star, Watan dan Sin Chew Jit Poh. Tesis Sarjana. Jabatan Pengajian Media, Universiti Malaya.
Zainal Bin Rahmat. 1990. The Political Significance of the Alliance-PAP Conflict to the Development of Malaysian Politics 1963 to 1969. Tesis Sarjana. Fakulti Ekonomi dan Pentadbiran Awam. Universiti Malaya.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/JH-2015-0701-03
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
ISSN: 1985-6830
eISSN: 2550-2271
JURNAL HADHARI: AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL
Institut Islam Hadhari
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
43600 UKM Bangi
Selangor, MALAYSIA.
Phone: +603-8921 7187/7176/6994
Fax: +603-8921 6990
Email: jhadhari@ukm.edu.my
Web: ejournals.ukm.my/jhadhari