Air Pollution in Urban Areas and Health Effects (Pencemaran Udara di Kawasan Bandar dan Kesan terhadap Kesihatan)

HALIZA ABDUL RAHMAN

Abstract


ABSTRACT: The world’s population is becoming ever more urbanised, causing deterioration of air quality in many of the most rapidly growing cities. The common air pollutants include carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, particulate matter, sulphur dioxide and lead. In their most extreme form, air pollution episodes are accompanied by physical discomfort, disruption of day-to-day living, widespread public fear, illness and even death.In many cities air pollution is reaching levels that threaten people’s health according to an unprecedented compilation of air quality data released today by WHO. For example, a study of air pollution in 20 of the 24 megacities of the world shows that ambient air pollution concentrations are at levels where serious health effects are reported. Moreover, in year 2004, urban air pollution is ranked as the 14th global risk factor for mortality. For 2008, the estimated mortality attributable to outdoor air pollution in cities amounts to 1.34 million premature deaths. Thus, epidemiological studies have consistently associated adverse health effects with exposures to particulate air pollution. However, the effects of air pollution on health are dependent on several factors. Apart from the concentrations and chemical properties of the pollutants, the person’s age and general state of health, the duration of exposure, factors such as the weather condition and the distance from the emission sources also affect the nature and extent of the health effects observed.Therefore, the ambient air quality is much urgency in instituting control and preventive measures and at the public level there is a long-standing commitment to improve air quality.

Keywords: Urban; air pollution; pollutants; health effects; diseases

 

ABSTRAK: Penduduk dunia menjadi semakin bercirikan pembandaran, menyebabkan kemerosotan kualiti udara di kebanyakan bandar-bandar yang paling pesat berkembang. Bahan pencemar udara biasanya termasuklah karbon monoksida, nitrogen dioksida, ozon, bahan zarahan, sulfur dioksida dan plumbum. Dalam bentuk yang paling buruk, episod pencemaran udara disertakan dengan ketidakselesaan fizikal, gangguan kehidupan seharian, ketakutan orang ramai secara meluas, penyakit dan juga kematian. Dalam kebanyakan bandar pencemaran udara mencapai tahap yang mengancam kesihatan manusia, kompilasi yang belum pernah terjadi sebelumnya menurut data kualiti udara yang dikeluarkan hari ini oleh WHO. Sebagai contoh, satu kajian pencemaran udara di 20 daripada 24 bandar mega di dunia menunjukkan bahawa kepekatan pencemaran udara adalah pada tahap di mana kesan-kesan kesihatan yang serius dilaporkan. Selain itu, pada tahun 2004, pencemaran udara bandar disenaraikan sebagai faktor risiko global ke-14 untuk kematian. Bagi tahun 2008, kematian yang dianggarkan berpunca daripada pencemaran udara luar di bandar-bandar berjumlah 1.34 juta mengakibatkan kematian pra-matang. Oleh itu, kajian epidemiologi telah dilakukan secara konsisten berkaitan kesan kesihatan yang buruk dengan pendedahan kepada zarah pencemaran udara. Walau bagaimanapun, kesan pencemaran udara terhadap kesihatan adalah bergantung kepada beberapa faktor. Selain daripada kepekatan dan sifat-sifat kimia bahan pencemar, umur seseorang itu dan keadaan umum kesihatan, jangka masa pendedahan, faktor-faktor seperti keadaan cuaca dan jarak dari sumber bunyi yang juga memberi kesan kepada jenis dan takat kesan kesihatan yang diperhatikan. Oleh itu, kualiti udara ambien adalah lebih mendesak dalam memulakan kawalan dan langkah-langkah pencegahan di peringkat awam dan memerlukan komitmen yang lama untuk memperbaiki kualiti udara.

Kata Kunci: Urban; pencemaran udara;pencemaran; kesan terhadap kesihatan; penyaki


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