British Travellers’ Perspective on the People of the Malay Peninsula in the 19th Century (Perspektif Pengembara British terhadap Penduduk Semenanjung Tanah Melayu pada Abad Ke-19)

AHMED CAGRI INAN, SIVACHANDRALINGAM SUNDARA RAJA, NORAINI MOHAMED HASSAN

Abstract


ABSTRACT: Travelogues are narratives that describe events, people, and knowledge in the places visited by the traveller, while also reflecting the traveller’s imagination. Travellers often explore topics outside their comfort zone, such as lifestyle, human relationships, and management styles. Although travelogues were not initially regarded as historical sources, they were later recognised as such. Historians are increasingly interested in travelogues due to the absence of witnesses from the time period mentioned in the narrative, and the significant changes to the architectural and political structure of the region over time. Travelogues can provide a more colourful and subjective perspective on historical studies, augmenting official archive sources with personal accounts. In addition, in these texts, we may encounter different interpretations of events that are not mentioned or deemed unnecessary in official documents. This article will explore travellers’ perspectives of the people of the Malay Peninsula/States in the 19th century with reference to a few renowned British travellers like Isabella Bird, Emily Innes, and Florence Caddy. The perspective that will be explored would be on historical episodes of the time, which is not known in the historical writing of Malaya. The episodes will be highlighted to see how the travellers define the people of Malaya as visitors, what prejudices are contained in their definitions, and how it could contribute to new information on the history of Malaya, is it just based on observation per se or on primary sources accessible at the time? By studying the episodes and the texts, this article would be able to prove that travellers’ writing contributes to enriching Malaysian historical knowledge and is not merely propaganda writing.

Keywords: Travellers; Malay States; Malay, Chinese, and Indian

 

ABSTRAK: Travelog ialah naratif yang menerangkan peristiwa, masyarakat dan pengetahuan di tempat yang dilawati oleh pengembara, di samping mencerminkan imaginasi pengembara. Pengembara sering meneroka topik di luar zon selesa mereka, seperti gaya hidup, hubungan manusia dan gaya pengurusan. Walaupun travelog pada awalnya tidak dianggap sebagai sumber sejarah, tetapi kemudiannya telah diiktiraf sebagai sedemikian. Ahli sejarah semakin berminat dengan travelog kerana ketiadaan saksi dalam tempoh masa yang dinyatakan dalam naratif dan perubahan ketara kepada rupa bentuk serta struktur politik rantau daripada semasa ke semasa. Travelog boleh memberikan perspektif yang lebih berwarna dan subjektif tentang kajian sejarah, menambah sumber arkib rasmi dengan pandangan peribadi. Di samping itu, dalam makalah ini, kita mungkin menghadapi tafsiran berbeza tentang peristiwa yang tidak disebut atau dianggap tidak perlu dalam dokumen rasmi. Artikel ini akan meneroka perspektif pengembara tentang penduduk Semenanjung Tanah Melayu pada abad ke-19 dengan merujuk kepada beberapa pengembara British yang terkenal seperti Isabella Bird, Emily Innes dan Florence Caddy. Perspektif yang akan diterokai adalah mengenai episod sejarah pada masa itu, yang tidak diketahui dalam penulisan sejarah Tanah Melayu. Episod-episod tersebut akan diketengahkan untuk melihat bagaimana pengembara mendefinisikan penduduk Tanah Melayu sebagai pelawat, apakah prasangka yang terkandung dalam definisi mereka dan bagaimana ia boleh menyumbang kepada maklumat baharu tentang sejarah Tanah Melayu dan adakah ia hanya berdasarkan pemerhatian semata-mata atau sumber utama yang boleh diakses pada masa itu? Dengan mengkaji episod dan teks, artikel ini dapat membuktikan bahawa penulisan pengembara menyumbang kepada memperkaya pengetahuan sejarah Malaysia dan bukan sekadar penulisan propaganda.

Kata kunci: Pengembara; Negeri-negeri Melayu; Melayu, Cina dan India


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