An Analysis on Cosmology in the West and in the Malay World (Suatu Analisa Terhadap Pandangan Kosmologi Barat dan di Alam Melayu)
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Ideas of the cosmos is quite an ancient idea where we find it mentioned in the earliest of writings of the Greek philosophers. It seems that ever since man looked at the sky they have often wondered how, what the universe is and of course their place in it. Much of what man had discovered and theorized were based on ideas connected to the Greeks and world religions. In Islam the universe or ‘alam in Arabic has dual meaning, one it points to the physical universe and more, and secondly it points to what is not God but are His manifestations. Thus an understanding of cosmology in Islam is frequently based upon that connection between the profane and the sacred, the earthly and the transcendent. However since western scientist had discovered that the universe is in a perpetual state of expansion, much of western cosmology is based upon a material/ physical understanding of science. Since the discovery of the cosmic microwave background in 1965, the theory of the big bang became the standard model of the physical universe. Much of this has issues with how cosmology is approached in Islam. Therefore this paper will analyse this often tense relation between religion and science philosophically. The development and discussion on the foundations of western science especially cosmology will be exposed for the sake of reimagining the boundaries of science. Avenues of mergence between the two have been suggested in the past in various guises the most famous of which is the Islamic science idea. This paper will look critically at the notion of Islamic science and suggest ways of application which will be done via the utilization of Islamic cosmology as propounded by Ibn ‘Arabi and his followers in the Malay world. Reimagining’s and paradigm shifts has to be undertaken in order for the Islamic science project to take off from an obscure basis towards being grounded in local and traditional wisdom. The usage of sources close to Nusantara is one such example.
Keywords: Islamic science; cosmology; Nusantara; west
ABSTRAK: Idea mengenai kosmos merupakan suatu idea yang agak lama kerana ia dijumpai dalam kebanyakan tulisan ahli falsafah Yunani. Sejak manusia itu mula mendongak ke langit, mereka sering berfikir bagaimana dan apakah alam ini dan juga di manakah tempat mereka di dalamnya. Kebanyakan yang difikirkan dan dicapai oleh manusia adalah berasaskan kepada idea yang berkait rapat dengan golongan Yunani dan juga dari agama dunia. Dalam Islam, alam yang merupakan perkataan Arab mempunyai dua makna, satu merujuk kepada alam fizikal dan lain-lain; yang kedua ia merujuk kepada semua yang bukan Tuhan tetapi yang merupakan manifestasiNya. Oleh itu suatu kefahaman kosmologi di dalam pandangan Islam sering berdasarkan kepada hubungan antara apa yang dianggap sia-sia dan yang dianggap mulia, antara duniawi dan apa yang melampauinya. Walau bagaimanapun sejak ahli saintis Barat berpandangan bahawa alam ini adalah dalam keadaan yang sentiasa berkembang, kebanyakan faham kosmologi Barat ditafsirkan berasaskan kepada suatu kefahaman sains yang bersifat materialistik atau hanya fizikal. Sejak penemuan gelombang kosmik pada tahun 1965, teori Big Bang menjadi seolah-olah suatu model contoh bagi alam fizikal ini. Kebanyakan pandangan tersebut bagaimanapun mempunyai banyak permasalahan apabila dibandingkan dengan pandangan Islam. Oleh itu kertas ini akan cuba menganalisis hubungan yang agak tegang antara agama dan sains secara falsafah. Perkembangan dan diskusi mengenai asas sains Barat terutamanya kosmologi akan didedahkan dengan tujuan untuk memikirkan semula sempadan sains. Kawasan yang menghasilkan pertemuan antara keduanya telah pun dicadangkan pada masa lampau melalui pelbagai bentuk terutamanya melalui idea Sains Islam. Kertas ini akan melihat secara kritikal kepada teori Sains Islam dan akan cuba mencadangkan agar gabungan dilakukan dengan menggunakan kosmologi Islam sebagaimana yang telah dihuraikan oleh Ibn Arabi dan pengikutnya yang ada di Alam Melayu. Pemikiran semula dan anjakan paradigma perlu dilakukan agar projek Sains Islam dapat berlepas dari asas yang tidak dikenali ke arah sebuah asas yang berpusat pada tradisi lokal dan kearifan tempatan. Penggunaan sumber-sumber yang berada di Nusantara adalah salah satu contoh yang wajar.
Kata kunci: Sains Islam; kosmologi; Nusantara; barat
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Attas, S.M. Naquib. 1995. Prolegomena to the Metaphysics of Islam, an Exposition of the Fundamental Elements of the Worldview of Islam. Kuala Lumpur: ISTAC.
Chittick, W. C. 2007. Science of the Cosmos, Science of the Soul, The Pertinence of Islamic Cosmology in the Modern World. Oxford: Oneworld Publications.
Eshkevari, Mohammad Fana’i. 2012. An Introduction to Contemporary Islamic Philosophy. London: Islamic College for Advanced Studies.
Guessoum, N. 2011. Islam’s Quantum Question, Reconciling Muslim Tradition and Modern Science. London: I.B.Tauris.
Heidegger, M. 2008. Basic Writings (Harper Perennial Modern Thought). New York: HarperCollins Publishers.
Iqbal, M. 2009. The Making of Islamic Science. Petaling Jaya, Selangor: Islamic Book Trust.
Irvine, A. D. 2015. Alfred North Whitehead. In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by Edward N. Zalta. http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2015/entries/whitehead/.
Mohamad Nasrin Nasir. 2010. Presence of God according to Haqq al-Yaqin, a seventeenth-century treatise by Shaykh Shams al-Din al-Sumatra’i (d.1630)”, Journal of Islamic Studies 21(2): 213-234.
Nasr, S.H. 1978. An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines, revised edition. London: Thames & Hudson.
Nasr, S.H. 1968. Science and Civilization in Islam. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.
Shamsae, Maryam. The perspective of NASR and Soroush on modern science and technology. Malaysian Journal of Science and Technology Studies 9: 1-14. http://sts.um.edu.my/MJSTS/Vol_9_2011/(1)Vol7_Maryam.pdf.
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
ISSN 2289-1706 | e-ISSN : 2289-4268
Institut Alam dan Tamadun Melayu (ATMA)
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan
MALAYSIA
© Copyright UKM Press, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia