Penyelidikan Arkeometri di Negeri Pahang

ZULISKANDAR RAMLI, NIK HASSAN SHUHAIMI NIK ABDUL RAHMAN, YUNUS SAUMAN, ADNAN JUSOH

Abstract


ABSTRAK: Arkeometri merupakan satu bidang yang sudah bermula sejak abad ke-18 Masihi lagi dan bidang ini sentiasa menyokong bidang arkeologi dalam menginterpretasikan data yang diperoleh daripada penyelidikan arkeologi dengan lebih meluas dan saintifik. Arkeometri atau dalam perkataan ringkasnya arkeologi sains merujuk kepada satu bidang yang mengaplikasikan pendekatan sains dalam mengkaji apa jua jumpaan yang ditemui semasa ekskavasi dijalankan serta kajian yang melibatkan perubahan geomorfologi persekitaran kawasan tapak yang dikaji. Peranan sains dalam penyelidikan arkeologi mula meningkat dan digunakan secara meluas selepas tahun 1950-an dengan kemunculan kaedah pentarikhan mutlak iaitu analisis C14 yang diperkenalkan oleh F.W. Libby dalam tahun 1949. Pada awalnya bidang arkeometri ini hanya terhad kepada aplikasi yang melibatkan pentarikhan kronometrik sahaja tetapi hari ini bidang ini telah meluas pendekatan daripada aplikasi sains tulen, geologi, DNA hingga ke aplikasi kejuruteraan. Aplikasi sains atau penyelidikan arkeometri di negeri Pahang telah mula dipelopori oleh Linehan pada tahun 1951 di mana pada waktu itu, beliau telah menganalisis gendang gangsa yang ditemui di Sungai Tembeling dan juga di Bukit Kuda, Klang Selangor. Tujuan utama Linehan menjalankan kajian adalah untuk melihat perkaitan antara gendang gangsa dan artifak besi yang dijumpai di sekitar Semenanjung Tanah Melayu pada ketika itu. Loewenstein pada tahun 1956 telah menjalankan beberapa analisis terhadap artifak logam di Pahang iaitu alat gangsa dari Bukit Jong, Tembeling, Pahang serta serpihanserpihan loceng dari Klang dan Tembeling serta kapak logam dari Keneboi, Negeri Sembilan dan Sungai Jenera di Hulu Kelantan. Pada tahun 1966, Dunn telah menghasilkan pentarikhan tapak secara kronometrik di Gua Kechil manakala pengunaan pentarikhan termoluminesen telah dijalankan ke atas tapak Kota Tongkat, Kota Gelanggi, Jerantut serta di Gunung Senyum, Temerloh, Pahang. Analisis komposisi tembikar tanah yang dijumpai di Gua Angin, Kota Gelanggi juga menghasilkan data yang sangat menarik di mana data dengan jelas menunjukkan adanya jalinan sistem perdagangan antarabangsa yang sampai hingga ke kawasan pedalaman iaitu di Kompleks Kota Gelanggi, Jerantut, Pahang.

Kata kunci: arkeometri, arkeologi sains, pentarikhan kronometrik, pentarikhan termoluminesen

 

ABSTRACT: Archaeometry is an area that began since the 18th century AD and this area has always supported the field of archaeology in interpreting data derived from archaeological research. Archaeometry or archaeological science refers to a field of applied science approach in reviewing any findings discovered during archaeological excavations that have been carried out as well as studies involving changes in the geomorphological environment of the archaeological site. The role of science in archaeological research began to increase and to be widely used after the 1950’s with the advent of absolute dating method which is C14 analysis introduced by FW Libby in 1949. Initially archaeometry is limited to applications involving chronometric dating but today this area is extensive, with involvement of pure science application, geology, DNA and also engineering application. Application of science or archaeometry research in Pahang was pioneered by Linehan in 1951, when he was analyzing the bronze drum found in Tembeling River and Bukit Kuda in Klang, Selangor. Linehan’s main purpose was to find a relationship between the bronze drums and iron artefacts found in the vicinity of the Malay Peninsula at the time. Loewenstein in 1956 also carried out an analysis of metal artefacts found in Pahang, which were bronze artefact from Bukit Jong, Tembeling, Pahang, bronze bell fragments from Klang and Tembeling, and metal axe from Keneboi, Negeri Sembilan and Sungai Jenera in Hulu Kelantan. In 1966, Dunn published a chronometric dating of Gua Kechil whilst thermoluminescent dating was carried out from the site in Kota Tongkat, Kota Gelanggi Jerantut and also in Gunung Senyum, Temerloh, Pahang. Analysis on potteries found in Gua Angin, Kota Gelanggi, Pahang also produced very interesting data where the data clearly shows that there is an international trading system that reached up into the interior of Kota Gelanggi, Jerantut, Pahang .

Keywords: archaeometry, archaeological science, chronometric dating, thermoluminescent dating


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