he Stages of the Practice of Islamic Requirements in Muslim-Majority Institutions: A Historical-Comparative Study of Nurse Uniform Transformation in Four Malaysian Healthcare Institutions (Peringkat-peringkat Pengamalan Islam di Institusi Majoriti Muslim: Kajian Perbandingan-Sejarah Transformasi Pakaian Seragam Jururawat di Empat Institusi Kesihatan Malaysia)
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Societal changes take place from time to time and the dynamics of group change are explained by a few theories but they may not be able to expound the phenomenon in specific groups with different backgrounds. The nurse uniform transformation is one of the observable changes in Malaysian healthcare institutions since Malaysia gained its political independence in 1957 but no comparative study has examined the experience of different healthcare institutions. The paper examines these two knowledge gaps to assess the factors behind nurse uniform transformation in Malaysia and the dynamics of Muslim-majority group change concerning the practice of Islamic requirements using the historical-comparative cross-institutional case study method involving four healthcare institutions in Malaysia. The Malaysian nurse uniform manifests the early three-decade post-independence period of colonial heritage maintenance and the subsequent gradual revival of the Malay-Muslim identity. The religious-related factors were the dominant motivation fuelling the transformation of nurse uniforms in Malaysia. Based on the four cases, a refined theory on the stages of the practice of Islamic requirements in a Muslim society or Muslim-majority institution emerges from the findings. It explicates four cyclic phases that society experiences in revising the status quo. It starts with the maintenance of the status quo, followed by the stage of acquainting a new concept, which ensues to the phase of learning to accept the new concept, followed by the initiation of the new practice before the practice is accepted as a new status quo. The theory also illustrates society’s responses and the recommended approaches that advocates may adopt during each phase.
Keywords: Dynamic of change; group change; Muslim; Islamic dress code; nurse uniform evolution
ABSTRAK: Perubahan masyarakat berlaku dari semasa ke semasa dan dinamik perubahan kumpulan dijelaskan oleh beberapa teori. Akan tetapi teori-teori tersebut mungkin tidak dapat menjelaskan fenomena dalam kumpulan khusus dengan latar belakang yang berbeza. Transformasi pakaian seragam jururawat adalah salah satu perubahan yang boleh diperhatikan dalam institusi penjagaan kesihatan Malaysia sejak Malaysia mencapai kemerdekaan pada tahun 1957 tetapi tiada kajian perbandingan yang mengkaji pengalaman institusi penjagaan kesihatan yang berbeza. Makalah ini mengkaji dua jurang pengetahuan ini untuk menilai faktor di sebalik transformasi pakaian seragam jururawat di Malaysia dan dinamik perubahan kumpulan majoriti Muslim dalam pengamalan Islam menggunakan kaedah kajian kes perbandingan-sejarah rentas institusi yang melibatkan empat institusi penjagaan kesihatan di Malaysia. Pakaian seragam jururawat Malaysia dalam tempoh tiga dekad awal selepas kemerdekaan melibatkan pengekalan warisan kolonial dan kemudian kebangkitan semula identiti Melayu-Islam secara beransur-ansur. Faktor-faktor yang berkaitan dengan agama adalah motivasi dominan yang mendorong kepada transformasi pakaian seragam jururawat di Malaysia. Berdasarkan empat kajian kes tersebut, satu teori yang lebih diperhalusi mengenai peringkat-peringkat amalan Islam dalam masyarakat Islam atau institusi majoriti Islam terhasil. Teori ini menerangkan empat fasa kitaran yang dialami oleh masyarakat dalam menyemak semula status quo. Ia bermula dengan pengekalan status quo, diikuti dengan peringkat membiasakan diri dengan konsep baharu, yang seterusnya ke fasa pembelajaran untuk menerima konsep baharu, diikuti dengan permulaan amalan baharu, sebelum amalan itu diterima sebagai status quo baharu. Teori ini juga menjelaskan tindak balas masyarakat dan pendekatan yang disyorkan yang boleh dijadikan panduan oleh para pendukung perubahan pada setiap fasa.
Kata kunci: Dinamik perubahan; perubahan kumpulan; Muslim; pakaian Islam; evolusi pakaian seragam jururawat
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