Remedies Containing Agarwood in Selected Traditional Malay Medical Manuscripts (Ubatan Tradisional Mengandungi Gaharu di dalam Manuskrip Perubatan Melayu Tradisional)
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Agarwood (Aquilaria spp.) is an Asian native plant with various pharmaceutical potentials proven by recent scientific studies. It has been used for decades in ancient India, China, and the Malay Archipelago traditions. Ayurvedic and traditional Chinese medicine have been widely accepted and integrated into the current medical system. Regrettably, the traditional medicine of the Malay people has not reached this desired level despite the availability of knowledge as recorded in the Traditional Malay Medical (TMM) manuscripts. Agarwood is one of the materials observed in the traditional remedy formulations in TMM. Therefore, this work aims to explore the remedies in the TMM manuscripts with a focus on agarwood. Seven TMM manuscripts: MSS 2999, MSS 2515, MS 1998.400, Khazanah Perubatan Melayu Tumbuhan Ubatan, Kitab Tib Ilmu Perubatan Melayu, Khazinat al-Insan and Kitab al-Rahmah Fi al-Tibb wa alHikmah in the collection of the Malaysia National Library were reviewed systematically. The study finds around 100 agarwood-related formulations to treat around 20 diseases, including inner and physical illnesses, a specific approach to explicate the remedy that includes a discussion on selected Quranic verse and taboos, different sources of materials; plants, animals, and minerals, definitions on selected processing and dosing terms, three main methods to extract the materials; direct extraction, through heating or cooling, and maceration, and two ways to take the remedy; orally or externally. Findings from this study can be used as a reference for the practical application of the Malay traditional medication into current scientific development, verifying the relevancy of the discovery of new evident-based alternative medicine while safeguarding TMM as a national heritage.
Keywords: Agarwood; Aquilaria spp.; ethnomedicine; Traditional Malay Medical manuscripts
ABSTRAK: Gaharu (Aquilaria spp.) ialah tumbuhan Asia dengan pelbagai potensi farmaseutikal yang dibuktikan oleh kajian saintifik terkini dan telah digunakan dalam tradisi lama India, China, dan Kepulauan Melayu. Perubatan Ayurveda dan perubatan tradisional Cina telah diterima secara meluas dan disepadukan ke dalam sistem perubatan arus perdana. Malangnya, perubatan tradisional Melayu masih belum mencapai tahap yang diidamkan walaupun terdapat ilmu seperti yang tercatat dalam manuskrip Perubatan Melayu Tradisional (PMT). Gaharu adalah salah satu bahan yang seringkali dimanfaatkan dalam penghasilan ubat tradisional Melayu. Oleh itu, kajian ini bertujuan untuk meneroka formulasi dalam manuskrip PMT dengan memberi tumpuan kepada kayu gaharu. Tujuh manuskrip PMT iaitu MSS 2999, MSS 2515, MS 1998.400, Khazanah Perubatan Melayu Tumbuhan Ubatan, Kitab Tib Ilmu Perubatan Melayu, Khazinat al-Insan and Kitab al-Rahmah Fi al-Tibb wa al-Hikmah di bawah koleksi Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia telah disemak secara sistematik. Kajian menemui lebih kurang 100 formulasi untuk merawat lebih kurang 20 penyakit termasuk penyakit dalaman dan fizikal, satu pendekatan khusus dalam menerangkan formulasi yang merangkumi perbincangan tentang ayat al-Quran dan pantang larang terpilih, sumber bahan yang berbeza; tumbuhan, haiwan, dan mineral, definisi mengenai terma pemprosesan dan dos terpilih, tiga kaedah utama untuk mengekstrak bahan; pengekstrakan terus, melalui pemanasan atau penyejukan, dan melalui pemerahan, serta dua cara untuk mengambil ubat itu; sama ada ditelan atau penggunaan secara luaran. Penemuan daripada kajian ini boleh digunakan sebagai rujukan untuk mengaplikasikan ubatan tradisional Melayu ke dalam pembangunan perubatan semasa, mengesahkan kerelevanan terhadap penemuan perubatan alternatif berasaskan bukti baharu sekaligus memelihara PMT sebagai warisan negara.
Kata kunci: Gaharu; Aquilaria spp.; etnoperubatan; manuskrip perubatan Melayu tradisional
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