Faktor pendorong pekebun kecil getah mengusahakan kaedah integrasi tanaman (Factors driving smallholder rubber farmers to adopt integrated rubber farming methods)
Abstract
Industri perladangan getah mengalami pelbagai isu yang memberi kesan ketara terhadap pekebun kecil, antaranya ketidaktentuan cuaca yang membawa kepada serangan penyakit dan perosak dan produktiviti rendah, saiz tanah tidak ekonomik, serta ketidakstabilan harga getah di pasaran. Isu ini menyebabkan pendapatan pekebun kecil secara relatifnya adalah rendah. Ditambah pula dengan kos sara hidup yang semakin meningkat memerlukan pendapatan sampingan bagi kelangsungan hidup pekebun kecil. Justeru, pendekatan agroperhutani melalui kaedah integrasi tanaman merupakan kaedah alternatif, khususnya bagi meningkatkan pendapatan pekebun kecil dan mengurangkan pergantungan kepada tanaman monokultur yang lebih berisiko dalam aspek pengeluaran hasil. Oleh itu, kajian dilakukan bagi mengkaji faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pekebun kecil getah mengusahakan integrasi tanaman getah dengan tanaman lain atau ternakan. Kaedah kuantitatif dan disokong oleh kualitatif dijalankan melibatkan keseluruhan populasi pekebun kecil getah, iaitu 20 orang di daerah Pendang yang mengusahakan integrasi tanaman getah. Hasil kajian mendapati faktor cuaca, peningkatan kos sara hidup, memaksimumkan penggunaan tanah, mengurangkan serangan penyakit dan perosak, serta ketidakstabilan harga pasaran getah merupakan faktor pendorong utama pekebun kecil getah melibatkan diri dalam integrasi tanaman getah. Jelas bahawa pekebun kecil memperoleh pendapatan sampingan dengan mengusahakan integrasi tanaman getah ini. Implikasinya, sokongan institusi dan polisi terhadap integrasi tanaman getah wajar diberi penekanan agar harga pasaran lebih kompetitif dan wujud inivasi dalam sistem pengeluaran ladang. Hal ini menyokong kepada peningkatan pendapatan dan kesejahteraan hidup pekebun kecil getah, serta sistem pengeluaran ladang yang lebih mesra alam.
Kata kunci: Agroperhutani, integrasi tanaman, monokultur, pekebun kecil, tanaman getah, ternakan
The rubber plantation industry faces various issues that significantly affect smallholder farmers. These include unpredictable weather leading to disease and pest outbreaks, low productivity, uneconomical land sizes, and market price instability of rubber. Consequently, smallholder farmers experience relatively low incomes, exacerbated by rising living costs, necessitating supplementary income sources for survival. Therefore, an agroforestry approach through integrated farming practices presents an alternative method, particularly aimed at enhancing smallholder incomes and reducing dependence on riskier monoculture practices. Hence, a study was conducted to examine factors influencing smallholder rubber farmers engaging in integrated rubber farming with other crops or livestock. A quantitative research method, supported by qualitative insights, involved the entire population of 20 smallholder rubber farmers in the Pendang district. Findings identified weather conditions, increasing living costs, optimizing land use, reducing disease and pest infestations, and market price instability as primary motivators for smallholder rubber farmers to adopt integrated farming practices. It is evident that smallholders generate additional income through the integration of rubber cultivation. Implications suggest that institutional support and policy for integrated rubber farming should prioritize competitive market prices and agricultural production system improvements. This supports increased income and livelihoods for smallholder rubber farmers, as well as environmentally friendly farming practices.
Keywords: Agroforestry, crop integration, monoculture, smallholder farmers, rubber cultivation, livestock
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