Susunan Perkataan Berdasarkan Cerita Rakyat Masyarakat Iban: Analisis Program Minimalis (Word Order Based on Iban Folklore: An Analysis of the Minimalist Programme)
Abstract
Bagi masyarakat Iban, cerita rakyat merupakan satu genre sastera yang dimiliki sejak turun-temurun. Hal ini dikatakan demikian kerana cerita rakyat dijadikan sebagai satu hiburan kepada masyarakat Iban. Kebanyakan para pengkaji lepas gemar meneliti cerita rakyat dari pelbagai aspek. Misalnya, dari aspek peluasan kosa kata, pengimbuhan kata, unsur seni bahasa, nilai pengajaran dan sebagainya. Namun begitu, penelitian terhadap binaan ayat kurang ditekankan terutamanya dari aspek susunan perkataan dalam cerita rakyat masyarakat Iban. Kajian ini bertujuan mengenal pasti susunan perkataan dalam binaan ayat dan menganalisis struktur binaan ayat berdasarkan cerita rakyat masyarakat Iban yang berkaitan dengan unsur ilmu hitam. Analisis data dijalankan menggunakan Program Minimalis. Pemerolehan data kajian berdasarkan kajian lapangan meliputi dua kaedah, iaitu kaedah kepustakaan dan kaedah temu bual secara tidak berstruktur. Pemilihan lokasi bagi menjalankan proses temu bual dijalankan di bahagian Sri Aman, Sarawak, iaitu di Kampung Abok Pulau Batu. Temu bual yang dijalankan dalam kajian ini melibatkan rakaman dan seterusnya menjalankan transkripsi data dengan menterjemahkan bahasa Iban kepada bahasa Melayu Standard. Data diperoleh melalui kaedah bercerita dan temu bual daripada tiga orang penutur natif Iban yang berumur lingkungan 40 tahun ke atas yang mempunyai pengalaman terhadap cerita rakyat. Analisis kajian menunjukkan bahawa struktur bahasa Iban mempunyai binaan Subjek-Kata kerja-Objek (SKO), Objek-Kata kerja-Subjek (OKS) dan binaan Kata kerja-Objek-Subjek (KOS). Pada masa yang sama, kajian ini telah menunjukkan satu penemuan baru, iaitu bahasa Iban mempunyai kala lepas, penyerapan dan novelti dalam binaan ayat pada susunan perkataan. Dengan itu, kajian ini dapat menyumbang kepada penjelasan teoritikal bagi susunan perkataan dalam struktur binaan ayat bahasa Iban dari sudut pandang Minimalis.
Kata kunci: susunan perkataan; binaan ayat; cerita rakyat; masyarakat Iban; Program Minimalis
ABSTRACT
Folklore is a literary genre that has been passed down through centuries and is particularly cherished by the Iban community. The reason for this is that the Iban community uses folklore as a kind of entertainment. The majority of previous academics have shown a preference for analysing folklore from many perspectives. For instance, in terms of enhancing one's vocabulary, incorporating new words, parts of language arts, instructional worth, and similar aspects. Nevertheless, the focus on sentence building in Iban folk stories is not as prominent as the emphasis on word order. The objective of this study is to determine the word order in sentence building and evaluate the structure of sentence construction in the folklore of the Iban community related to the element of black magic. Data analysis is carried out using the Minimalist Programme. Acquisition of research data based on field research that covers two methods, namely the library method and the unstructured interview method. Gathering of empirical data from field research was carried out in Sri Aman, Sarawak, in Kampung Abok Pulau Batu. The methodology employed in this study is the technique of data recording and transcription data by translating the Iban language into Malay. The data was acquired via the method of oral tradition and interviews conducted with three native Iban speakers, aged around 40 years and above who have experience with folklore. The research analysis reveals that the Iban language exhibits four different sentence structures: Subject-Verb-Object (SVO), Object-Verb-Subject (OVS), and Verb-Object-Subject (VOS). This study has discovered novel evidence indicating the existence of past tenses, absorption and novelty in the Iban language. Thus, from a minimalist perspective, this study can add to the theoretical explanation of word order in the Iban sentence structure.
Keywords: word order; sentence structure; folklore; Iban community; Minimalist Program
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Afshar, T., & Abbasi, F. (2021). An investigation of scrambling in Ilami Kurdish based on Minimalist Program. Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry. 12(9), 6583- 6590.
Announi, I. (2021). The problem of word order and verbal movement in Moroccan Arabic. International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation. 4(4), 34-54.
Baughman, B. (1963). Speaking Iban. Brunei Press.
Chemaline Anak Osup. (2019). The oral literature of the Iban in Borneo. MJSSH Online. 3(2), 132-140. https://doi.org/10.33306/mjssh11
Chomsky, N. (1995). The Minimalist Program. MIT Press.
Chomsky, N. (1997). The Minimalist Program. Third Edition. The MIT Press Cambridge, Massachusetts. England.
Chomsky, N. (2001): Derivation by Phase. In: M. Kenstowicz, ed., Ken Hale: A Life in Language. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.
Chomsky, N. (2015). Simple invisibles. Complex visibles out there. 4, 17-24.
Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage.
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage.
Doratya Gerry & Chemaline Osup. (2020). Menghayati ensera menggunakan teknik berlakon di dalam kelas. International Journal Of Modern Education (Ijmoe). 2(7), 166-179. 10.35631/IJMOE.270012
Dwilestari, S. W. (2018). Nilai budaya cerita rakyat keling-kumang masyarakat Dayak Kantuk Kecamatan Empanang Kabupaten Kapuas Hulu. Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pembelajaran Khatulistiwa (JPPK). 6(5), 1-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.26418/jppk.v6i5.20134
Ericca Eanna Bidi, Salbia Hassan & Dayang Sariah Abang Suhai. (2022). Pengimbuhan Kata dalam Bahasa Iban. PENDETA. 13(2), 55-71. https://doi.org/10.37134/pendeta.vol13.2.5.2022
Fazal Mohamed Mohamed Sultan, Zaharani Ahmad, Nor Hashimah Jalaluddin & Harishon Radzi. (2011). Kata soal bila dalam dialek Kedah Melayu Baling:satu analisis sintaksis. GEMA Online® Journal of Language Studies. 11(1), 69-80.
Fazal Mohamed Mohamed Sultan & Fatin Amirah Azman. (2020). Bahasa Jawa Ngoko dalam kerangka Program Minimalis. PENDETA. 11(2), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.37134/pendeta.vol11.2.1.2020
Fazal Mohamed Mohamed Sultan & Siti Amanina Sahira Saidi. (2021). Kajian frasa kerja bahasa Bajau Darat dan Bajau Laut di Sabah: analisis Kerangka Minimalis. Jurnal Bahasa. 21(2), 163‒192. http://doi.org. 10.37052/jb
Fazal Mohamed Mohamed Sultan & Syafika Atika Othman. (2021). Frasa topik dan fokus dalam bahasa Melayu: analisis Program Minimalis. GEMA Online® Journal of Language Studies. 21(2), 195-214.
Gregory Kiyai. (2019). Ritual adat kematian dalam masyarakat Iban di Sarawak:artifak iringan tukang sabak. Jurnal Borneo Arkhailogia (Heritage, Archaeology and History). 4(1), 99-116. https://doi.org/10.51200/jba.v4i1.1843
Gregory Kiyai. (2021). Inspirasi alam dalam artifak budaya masyarakat Iban di Sarawak: the inspiration of nature in the Iban cultural artifacts at Sarawak. Sains Insani. 6(3), 154- 166. https://doi.org/10.33102/sainsinsani
Gregory Kiyai. (2021a). Awal peradaban masyarakat Iban di Tembawai Tampun Juah: satu penelitian awal. Jurnal Peradaban. 14(1), 37-61. https://doi.org/10.22452/PERADABAN.vol14no1.3
Gregory Kiyai. (2023). Faktor dan kemunduran artifak budaya dalam masyarakat Iban di Sarawak. Perspektif Jurnal Sains Sosial dan Kemanusiaan. 15(1), 67-79. https://doi.org/10.37134/perspektif.vol15.1.6.2023
Janang Ensiring, Jantan Umbat & Robert Menua Saleh. (2019). Bup sereba reti jaku Iban. The Tun Jugah Foundation.
Khan, A. R., Kausar, G., & Khan, A. U. (2023). A comparative study of Punjabi and English word order: SOV Vs SVO. Pakistan Languages and Humanities Review. 7(1), 146-158. https://doi.org/10.47205/plhr.2023(7-I)14
Lambat Lindong, Corella Stephen, Engkasan Inchang, Ngabong Katoi, Inggit Barau, Dinggun Langga, Madiah Ansi, Nancy Guyang, Mackla Peter Langan, Cecelia Stephen & Belin Ensing.(2023). Diksionari Salin English-Iban (An English-Iban Translation Dictionary). Lee Ming Press Sdn. Bhd. Sarawak.
Matius Aditya Sunaryo. (2021). Uji analisis struktur ekstrinsik cerita rakyat pasukan Rentap Suku Dayak Iban Desa Batu Lintang Kecamatan Embaloh Hulu Kabupaten Kapuas Hulu. Doctoral dissertation, STKIP Persada Khatulistiwa.
Maulana Al-Fin Bin Che Man & Fazal Mohammed Mohammed Sultan. (2020). Ayat selapis dalam dialek Perlis menggunakan Kerangka Minimalis. JURNAL LINGUISTIK. 24(1), 1-18.
Mohammed Azlan Mis. (2010). Lingua franca di Sarawak: aplikasi teori pilihan bahasa. GEMA Online® Journal of Language Studies. 10(2), 97-116.
Nazirah Radin Salim & Idris Mansor. (2021). Penguasaan kecekapan budaya dalam terjemahan Arab–Melayu. GEMA Online® Journal of Language Studies. 21(2), 111-134.
Noria Tugang & Gregory Kiyai. (2021). The study of material culture of the Iban community in Sarawak: ngepan. International Journal of Applied and Creative Arts. 4(1), 80-97. https://doi.org/10.33736/ijaca.4204.2021
Otambetova, G., & Tlewmuratov, G. (2023). Word order structure and its syntactic features in English. American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development. 12, 64-67.
Othman Lebar. (2021). Penyelidikan kualitatif pengenalan kepada teori dan metode. Edisi ke-2. Penerbit Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris.
Rusydiah Abd Salam & Maslida Yusof. (2023). Sorotan literatur bersistematik kajian binaan kompleks bahasa Melayu dari sudut sintaksis. GEMA Online® Journal of Language Studies. 23(2), 94-118.
Steinmayer, Otto. (1999). Jalai jako Iban: a basic grammar of the Iban language of Sarawak. Klasik Publishing House.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/gema-2024-2403-03
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
eISSN : 2550-2131
ISSN : 1675-8021