Analisis Pola Masa Mula Suara Konsonan Plosif Bahasa Melayu yang dihasilkan oleh Penutur Mandarin Dewasa (Analysis of Voice Onset Time on Malay plosives by Mandarin Adult Speakers)

Badrulzaman Abdul Hamid, Hasherah Mohd Ibrahim, Nuraini Farhana Keria

Abstract


Masa Mula Suara (MMS) merupakan penanda akustik yang efektif dalam membezakan kontras penyuaraan bunyi plosif dalam pelbagai bahasa termasuklah bahasa Melayu. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk meneliti pola MMS pada kedudukan awal kata yang dihasilkan oleh penutur monolingual Melayu dan penutur natif Mandarin  dalam Bahasa Melayu. Seramai 10 orang penutur natif Mandarin (20-30tahun, M=20.9) telah dipilih sebagai subjek kajian. Sebanyak1080 unit sampel (10 subjek x6 plosif x3 perkataan x3 kali pengulangan) telah direkodkan. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis melalui penelitian spektrogram berasaskan pendekatan fonetik akustik menggunakan perisian PRAAT. MMS yang dihasilkan oleh subjek dalam Bahasa Melayu dan Mandarin dinilai dan dibandingkan dengan data Bahasa Melayu dari kajian lepas. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa terdapat perbezaan signifikan di antara MMS plosif penutur monolingual Melayu dan penutur dwibahasa Mandarin (/b/ (p=0.022) ; /d/ (p=0.028) ; /[g]/ (p=0.009) ; /p/ (p=0.007); /t/ (p=0.009), p<0.05) kecuali bagi plosif /k/ (p=0.574, p>0.05). Sebanyak 70% daripada subjek menghasilkan plosif bersuara /b/ dengan duluan suara, diikuti 40% subjek bagi /d/ dan 20% bagi /[g]/ manakala selebihnya dihasilkan dengan tundaan suara pendek. Sebanyak 66.67% sampel bahasa Melayu yang dihasilkan oleh penutur natif Mandarin menyerupai pola MMS penutur monolingual bahasa Melayu manakala sebanyak 33.33% sampel lagi menyerupai pola MMS Mandarin. Kekerapan penggunaan dan pendedahan kepada bahasa Melayu didapati mempengaruhi proses pemerolehan dan penguasaan kontras suara oleh penutur natif Mandarin dalam bahasa Melayu. Hasil kajian ini dapat memberi maklumat lebih objektif kepada ahli linguistik dan  terapis pertuturan dalam menilai pertuturan serta dalam mencipta alat penilaian bahasa yang lebih efektif. Kajian ini juga telah menjelaskan yang pemerolehan bahasa Melayu oleh penutur dwibahasa di Malaysia  mempamerkan kebolehan menghasilkan bunyi bahasa Melayu menyerupai pola penutur bahasa Melayu natif.  Kemampuan penutur dwibahsa ini menunjukkan sistem pendidikan yang berteraskan sekolah kebangsaan membolehkan penutur bahasa kedua menguasai bahasa Melayu dengan baik. 

Kata kunci: Masa Mula Suara (MMS); plosif bersuara; plosif tak bersuara; kontras penyuaraan; penutur dwibahasa; Mandarin

 

ABSTRACT

 

Voice Onset Time (VOT) is an effective acoustic marker to detect plosive voicing contrast in speech. This study was designed to investigate the difference in  plosives VOT at the initial position produced by Malay monolingual speakers and bilingual native Mandarin speakers  in Malay. 10 native Mandarin  speakers (20-30 years old, M=20.9) took part in this study. 1080 sample units (10 subjects x6 plosives x3 words x3 repetition) were recorded. Data collected were analyzed via spectrogram analysis with a phonetic acoustics approach using PRAAT software. VOT produced  in Malay and Mandarin was measured and compared to Malay data from previous research. Results showed significant differences in VOT produced by monolingual and bilingual Mandarin  speakers (/b/ (p=0.022) ; /d/ (p=0.028) ; /g/(p=0.009) ; /p/ (p=0.007); /t/ (p=0.009), p<0.05) except for /k/ (p=0.574, p>0.05). 70% of the subjects produced /b/ with voicing lead, followed by 40% subjects for /d/ and 20% for /g/ while the others produced with short lag. 66.67% Malay VOT sample produced by bilingual native Mandarin  speakers approached VOT values of plosives produced by monolingual Malays. The acquisiton of plosives of the remaining 33.33% sample was influenced by the Mandarin phonetic system. The frequency and exposure to Malay language may have influenced the acquisition process and voicing contrast proficiency of bilingual Mandarin speakers in Malay. These findings are beneficial to linguists and speech therapists especially in assessing clients and for creating effective assessment tools. The study also explains that bilingual speakers are able to produce sounds resembling monolingual native speakers of the Malay language. Furthermore, bilingual speakers from national school background promoted the mastery of the Malay language well.

 

Keywords: Voice Onset Time (VOT); voiced plosives; voiceless plosives; voicing contrast, bilingual speakers; Mandarin

 


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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/gema-2020-2004-04

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