Hakase no Aishita Suushiki dan Terjemahannya Rumus di Hatinya: Analisis Kognitif Terjemahan Menurut Teori Model-Meta (Hakase no Aishita Suushiki and its Malay translation Rumus di Hatinya: A Cognitive Analysis based on Meta-Model)
Abstract
Eksplorasi kognitif dalam bidang terjemahan mengkaji proses terjemahan melalui dua jenis pendekatan iaitu concurrent verbalization iaitu hasil kajian ke atas penterjemah apabila melakukan kerja terjemahan menggunakan kaedah Think Aloud Protocol, analisis keylogging atau eyetracking manakala retrospective verbalization pula merekod data dari penterjemah selepas kerja terjemahan selesai dilakukan. Kajian kognitif dalam bidang terjemahan masih terlalu menumpukan kepada langkah-langkah yang berlaku semasa kerja penterjemahan dilaksanakan dan kurang memberi tumpuan terhadap proses kognitif yang berkaitan dengan latar-belakang budaya yang mempengaruhi penterjemah ketika membuat keputusan semasa melaksanakan tugas penterjemahan. Penterjemah merupakan seorang perantara yang memproses teks sumber dalam konteks dan budaya asal dan menghasilkan teks sasaran dalam konteks dan budaya berbeza. Proses kognitif yang berlaku dalam penterjemahan secara khususnya ialah persepsi penterjemah akibat dari pemprosesan maklumat realiti sekeliling penterjemah itu. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan kajian retrospektif yang melihat kepada analisis kognitif iaitu persepsi penterjemah Normalis Amzah apabila beliau menterjemahkan novel Hakase no Aishita Suushiki karya Yoko Ogawa dalam bahasa Jepun ke bahasa Melayu ‘Rumus di Hatinya’. Kerangka teori Model-Meta diaplikasikan untuk melihat bagaimana penterjemah melakukan proses kognitif iaitu persepsi terhadap realiti teks sumber dan teks sasaran dalam proses terjemahan. Berdasarkan teori Model-Meta, proses kognitif seorang penterjemah dibentuk oleh tiga proses pembentukan persepsi utama iaitu generalisasi, pengherotan dan pengguguran. Penerokaan persepsi penterjemah ini dapat memberi gambaran proses yang berlaku sebelum penterjemah memilih strategi atau pendekatan penterjemahan. Penerokaan proses kognitif penterjemah ini bukan sekadar menjawab persoalan apa pendekatan yang dipilih tetapi menghuraikan mengapa penterjemah memilih pendekatan tersebut. Selain melihat kepada persepsi penterjemah, kajian ini juga membincangkan pendekatan yang diambil oleh penterjemah sama ada pendekatan penterjemah lebih menekan unsur asing foreignization atau cuba mendapatkan pengekalan unsur budaya sasaran iaitu domestication. Dapatan kajian mendapati proses generalisasi paling kerap digunakan dan penterjemah dilihat cenderung mengambil pendekatan domestication. Apabila penterjemah mengaplikasikan proses pengguguran, hasil terjemahannya menunjukkan kecenderungan kepada pendekatan foreignization dalam menterjemah. Proses pengherotan pula berlaku apabila penterjemah merasakan terdapat pertentangan antara unsur budaya bahasa sumber dengan budaya bahasa sasaran demi memastikan jalan cerita atau koheren teks tidak terganggu. Dapatan kajian ini juga menunjukkan kajian retrospektif boleh merekod proses kognitif iaitu persepsi penterjemah apabila menterjemahkan teks yang mengandungi budaya dasar yang terdiri daripada kepercayaan, tradisi dan nilai untuk mengikut kesesuaian dan penerimaan pembaca sasaran.
Katakunci: kognitif; retrospektif; persepsi; Model-Meta; generalisasi; pengguguran; pengherotan
ABSTRACT
Cognitive exploration in the field of translation studies examines the translation process through two types of approaches, namely concurrent verbalization, which is the result of research using tools such as Think Aloud Protocol method, keylogging analysis or eyetracking while retrospective verbalization records data from translators after the translation is done. Cognitive studies in translation are still too focused on the steps that occur when translation work is carried out and less is focused on the cognitive processes related to cultural backgrounds that influence translators when making decisions while performing translation tasks. A translator is an intermediary who processes the source text in the original context and culture and produces the target text in different contexts and cultures. The cognitive process that occurs in translation in particular is the perception of the translator as a result of the processing the reality around the translator. This study aims to conduct a retrospective study which looked at the cognitive analysis of perceptions of the translator Normalis Amzah when she translated the Japanese novel by Yoko Ogawa Hakase no Aishita Suushiki into Malay ‘Rumus di Hatiku’. The Model-Meta theoretical framework is applied to see how the translator performs cognitive processes specifically how she perceives the reality of the source text and the target text in the translation process. The Meta-Model theory argues that translators’ cognitive processes are formed by three main perception forming processes namely generalization, distortion and deletion. Exploring translators’ cognitive processes will provide an overview of the processes that occur before a translator makes the decisions when choosing the appropriate techniques or approaches. Apart from looking at the translator’s perceptions, this study also discusses whether the translator's approach retains the foreign elements known as foreignization or trying to retain the target cultural elements presented as domestication. The findings of the study found that the generalization process is the most frequently used that is the domestication approach. When the translator applies the deletion process, the translator is seen to favour the foreignization approach in translating. The distortion process occurs when the translator feels there is a conflict between the cultural elements of the source language and the culture of the target language in order to ensure that the storyline or coherence of the text is not disturbed. The findings of this study also show that retrospective studies can record the cognitive processes of the translator's perceptions when translating a text containing deep culture consisting of beliefs, traditions and values to suit the appropriateness and acceptance of the target reader.
Keywords: cognitive; retrospective; perceptions; Meta-Models; generalization; deletion; distortion
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/gema-2020-2004-08
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